Currently, the spread of micro- and nanoplastics in the food chain and the environment has become a relevant and social issue. They enter the human body mainly through food, water and drinks packaged in various plastic materials, bottles or containers. It has been established that most urban water sources are contaminated with microplastics due to wastewater. The main objective of the article was to study the awareness of microplastic sources, exposure levels and potential health risks associated with microplastic contamination of food and water by surveying a heterogeneous audience of Internet users. The preventive focus of the survey included: 1) holding an action at the medical faculty of KRSU “Day without plastic”; 2) development, publication and distribution of an information leaflet in the Internet community on the key sources of microplastics in the daily human diet. The test group consisted of 502 Internet users. The author's questionnaire included 26 questions: personal data (5 questions), the size of microplastics, sources of information, an assessment of the risk factors for microplastics entering the body, its content in food and water and the impact on human health (a list of 16 diseases associated with microplastics is provided). Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out using SPSS version 28.0.1 software. Questionnaires of 502 respondents aged 14–50 years were obtained through an online survey from October 2023 to January 2024 using Google forms. The demographic structure reflected the predominance of female representatives - 52.4%, men accounted for 47.6%. In terms of education level, students dominated among the subjects, incomplete higher education (67.3%), then secondary (14.8%), higher (9.9%) and primary education (8.8%). Most of the respondents lived in the city (80.3%), compared to rural areas (19.7%). Since the survey involved young people, 49.8% of respondents correctly answered the question that microplastics are small particles measuring 5 microns. 50.2% of respondents answered incorrectly, indicating sizes of 10 and 15 microns. Respondents noted that microplastics are most often found in bottled water (29.5%), tea bags (17.3%), natural water (10.3%), fish (8.1%), salt (6.3%), seafood (5.5%) and honey (4.5%). All of the above were noted by 29.5% of respondents. Most respondents to the question: which vegetables are most often contaminated with microplastics, answered that none (38.5%), followed by root vegetables (30.4%), onions (13.1%), cabbage (9.7%) and legumes (8.3%). Among the presented sample - the correct answer is - root crops are most susceptible to contamination. The results of the survey show that in everyday life 45.8% of respondents most often used plastic bags (55.7%), food packaging (18.7%), then cosmetics and hygiene products (17.4%), toys (5.9%) and cutlery (2.3%). Living in a “plastic world”, Internet users somehow do not notice it, to the question of how often the respondents use plastic products, 64.7% of them answered that every day, 26.7% - sometimes, 8.6% — rarely. As the results of the survey showed, most often Internet users received information about the harm of microplastics from social networks 26.5%, Google search engine — 20.7%, scientific articles — 18.9%, news — 17.1%, while communicating with friends, family — 5.5%. At the same time, 11.3% of respondents were not interested in the problem. When comparing the assessment of awareness of the direct and indirect impact of plastic on human health during plastic production and consumer use of plastics, they were aware (46.0% and 37.1%, respectively), slightly aware (31.9% and 37.8%) and did not know (22.1% and 25.1%). The risk that plastic pollution poses to wildlife, as well as to human health, well-being and prosperity, was assessed by respondents as average. 34.6% of respondents were in favor of actively reducing the use of plastic products. 33.7% of survey participants are still at the level of awareness of the problem and attempts to reduce plastic consumption. 31.7% find it difficult to answer, since they do not see an alternative. When asked about awareness of the impact of microplastics (the silent killer) on the development of 16 specific diseases, respondents were most aware of: digestive diseases, allergies, chronic inflammation, respiratory problems, cancer and reproductive problems.

Ensuring food security is accompanied by risks which can significantly weaken it. Water resources are distributed on the land area extremely unevenly; differ in the wide range of variability on security per capita, high temporary variability. It was revealed that in 2014 more than 2.5 billion people in 46 countries lived in conditions of a water stress and deficiency. Russia is one of the few countries with rather high level of specific water security, but has extremely uneven distribution of water resources to districts which don't correspond to population distribution. Low water availability in the Crimean federal district, Moscow and the Moscow region, the Belgorod and Kursk regions, Stavropol region is noted. In shallow years in these regions there can be very serious problems with water supply. The international experience convincingly proves that melioration promotes stabilization of agricultural production. In Russia the reclaimed lands occupy less than 5% of grounds and 8% of an arable land, but even they are used not always effectively. Water resources in the majority of regions of Russia don't limit development of agriculture. The approaching global water crisis creates very favourable conditions for the countries with water security as the increase in demand and prices of water capacious production is inevitable. Russia has competitive advantages in production of water capacious agricultural production and can become one of the leaders in the corresponding world markets. The most perspective export goods are grain and meat. The increase in the export potential of grain up to 150 mln t, the increase in production of the cattle and poultry (in live weight) – up to 15 mln t, are possible by 2020. | Обеспечение продовольственной безопасности сопряжено с рисками, которые могут существенно ее ослабить. Водные ресурсы распределены по территории суши крайне неравномерно, отличаются широким диапазоном изменчивости по обеспеченности в расчете на душу населения, высокой временной изменчивостью. Выявлено, что в 2014г. более 2,5 млрд. человек в 46 странах жили в условиях водного стресса и дефицита. Россия – одна из немногих стран с достаточно высоким уровнем удельной водообеспеченности, но имеет крайне неравномерное распределение водных ресурсов по округам, которое не соответствует распределению населения по численности. Отмечена низкая водообеспеченность в Крымском федеральном округе, г. Москва и Московской области, Белгородской и Курской областях, Ставропольском крае. В маловодные годы в данных регионах могут возникать весьма серьезные проблемы с водообеспечением. Мировой опыт убедительно доказывает, что мелиорация способствует стабилизации с.-х. производства. В России мелиорируемые земли занимают менее 5% угодий и 8% пашни, но даже они используются не всегда эффективно. Водные ресурсы в большинстве регионов России не ограничивают развитие сельского хозяйства. Надвигающийся глобальный водный кризис формирует исключительно благоприятные условия для водообеспеченных стран, поскольку неизбежен рост спроса и цен на водоемкую продукцию. Россия обладает конкурентными преимуществами в производстве водоемкой с.-х. продукции и может стать одним из лидеров соответствующих мировых рынков. Наиболее перспективные экспортные товары – зерно и мясо. К 2020 г. возможно увеличение экспортного потенциала зерна до 150 млн т, увеличение производства скота и птицы (в живом весе) – до 15 млн т.

Microplastics pervade the hydrosphere and inevitably come into contact with aquatic organisms. The study reports quantitative data on absorption and excretion of polystyrene microspheres 2 and 10 µm in diameter by zooplankton and fish larvae on the example of Artemia salina L. and Acipenser rithenus L. At the initial concentration of 500 µg/L, A. salina accumulated 2 and 10 µm particles in amounts up to 0.103 and 0.151 ng/individual, respectively, at a similar rate. The mass content of large-sized particles in A. salina was significantly higher (p < 0.01) compared to small-sized particles throughout the experiment. Artemia salina and A. rithenus larvae did not accumulate microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract over a period of 96 and 72 h, respectively. Consumption of microplastics by A. ruthenus larvae with A. salina through the food chain was slower and less pronounced in mass than their direct absorption from water. The rates of absorption of 2 and 10 μm particles by fish attained 0.9 and 8.22 ng/individual/h from water, and 0.06 and 0.23 ng/individual/h with food, respectively. In the models of water pollution and food chain transfer, A. ruthenus larvae consumed more 10 µm particles in mass compared to 2 µm particles (p < 0.05) and at a higher rate. For 2 µm particles, the excretion time for 50% of particles from the gastrointestinal tract of fish (T50) was 32–33 h, whereas for 10 µm particles, the excretion of particles consumed with food was slower (T50=45 h) compared to that of particles absorbed directly from water (T50=25 h). The data obtained can be used to simulate transport and circulation of microplastics of different sizes in the environment.

Relevance of the study: nutrition is the most important factor in maintaining health, normal growth and development of children and adolescents, preventing a number of diseases, maintaining high performance of the adult population, maintaining active longevity. Drinking water and food are necessary for the existence of humans and all life on Earth. Issues related to increasing responsibility for the effectiveness and objectivity of quality control of drinking water and food products are relevant in guaranteeing their safety for the health of consumers. Objectives of the study: to study the quality of drinking water and the efficiency of the water supply system in Osh in the period from 2020 to 2023; analysis of compliance of drinking water quality with sanitary and chemical standards; development of recommendations for improving the quality of water and the water supply system in Osh. Determination of toxic elements, pesticides and mycotoxins in food products, determination of physicochemical indicators and toxic elements in drinking water, pesticides and mycotoxins in food products was carried out in accordance with regulatory documents of GOST and the maximum permissible concentration. The test results showed the normal and permissible levels of pH, total iron, fluorides, hardness, dry residue, ammonia, nitrates, etc. in water, and the content of aflatoxin B1, the mass concentration of cadmium and lead, hexachlorane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in food products. For a more in-depth analysis, it is recommended to use additional data on climatic conditions, geological features of the region, as well as the demographic situation in Osh.

Synergic action has been studied of the pesticides (imazalil, iprodione, tebuconazole and ethofumesate) found in the water bodies of the Azov Sea basin on phyto- and zooplankton, zoobenthos, sturgeons, gobies and Cyprinidae. These pesticides in the combination applied are shown to have a negative effect on some links of the trophic chain even if they are used in concentrations smaller than maximum admissible concentrations adopted for fishery waterbodies

The data are given on annual and seasonal dynamics of the development, composition and structure of aquatic hydrobionts living in Krasnodar water reservoir. With the help of coefficients that characterize processes of biological production, we have counted how fish productivity can be increased due to the introduction of Far Eastern fish species and carp. The amount of food resources of Krasnodar water reservoir when used effectively may allow one to increase the total fish productivity of the water reservoir by 143.4 kg/ha. | Приводятся данные по годовой и сезонной динамике интенсивности развития, составу и структуре кормовых гидробионтов в Краснодарском водохранилище. Посредством использования коэффициентов, характеризующих биопродукционные процессы, рассчитан возможный объём увеличения рыбопродуктивности за счёт дополнительного вселения рыб дальневосточного комплекса и сазана. Объём кормовых ресурсов Краснодарского водохранилища при их эффективном использовании позволит увеличить общую рыбопродуктивность водоёма на 143,4 кг/га. | Published

Summaries (En, Ru) | 2 ill. | The influence of fruit food additives "Yabochnaya" and "Grushevaya" obtained from secondary resources of fruit processing, on the forms of water connection in the wheat flour dough was evaluated. The additives are added to the test samples from wheat flour of the 1st grade in the amount of 6, 8 and 10% by weight of flour. Measurement of the nuclear magnetic relaxation characteristics of dough samples was performed using an NMR-analyzer AMV-1006M at a temperature of 23 deg C. It was found that the introduction additives "Yabochnaya" and "Grushevaya" to the dough samples in an amount of 10% by weight of flour allows increasing the content of strongly bound water in the dough by 6.5 or 4.9% respectively, which is explained by the higher content in the additive "Yabochnaya" compared to the additive "Grushevaya"of pectin (3.7% vs. 2.1%), largely showing water-retaining ability. The results, obtained using the NMR method, correspond to the data obtained in the study of the effect of these food additives on the water absorption capacity of the dough. Increasing in the dough the content of water, which is in a strongly bound state, will allow for further baking of dough blanks to reduce baking loss and, consequently, increase yield of products. | 6 ref. | Оценено влияние фруктовых пищевых добавок "Яблочная" и "Грушевая", полученных из вторичных ресурсов переработки фруктов, на формы связи воды в тесте из пшеничной муки. Добавки вносили в образцы теста из пшеничной муки 1-го сорта в количестве 6, 8 и 10% к массе муки. Измерение ядерно-магнитных релаксационных характеристик образцов теста осуществляли на ЯМР-анализаторе АМВ-1006М при температуре 23 град. С. Установлено, что внесение в образцы теста добавки "Яблочная" или "Грушевая" в количестве 10% к массе муки позволяет повысить содержание прочносвязанной воды в тесте на 6,5 или 4,9% соответственно, что объясняется более высоким содержанием в добавке "Яблочная" по сравнению с добавкой "Грушевая" пектина (3,7% против 2,1%), в значительной степени проявляющего водоудерживающую способность. Результаты, полученные с применением метода ЯМР, согласуются с данными, полученными при исследовании влияния указанных пищевых добавок на водопоглотительную способность теста. Повышение в тесте содержания воды, находящейся в прочносвязанном состоянии, позволит при дальнейшей выпечке тестовых заготовок снизить упек хлебобулочного изделия и, следовательно, увеличить его выход.

The development of aquaculture is largely inhibited by scarcity of live food for fish larvae. An overview of the inhabitants of Crimean hypersaline lakes, which are promising as live food (Fabrea salina, Brachionus plicatilis, Artemia, Moina salina, Daphnia atkinsoni, Cletocamptus retrogressus, and Arctodiaptomus salinus), is given in this work. | Развитие аквакультуры в значительной степени тормозится дефицитом живых кормов для личинок рыб. Актуальная задача – поиск новых кормовых объектов. Дан их краткий обзор в гиперсоленых озерах Крыма (Fabrea salina, Brachionus plicatilis, Artemia, Moina salina, Daphnia atkinsoni, Cletocamptus retrogressus, Arctodiaptomus salinus).

There has been developed a two-stage method for cooling jars with preserved food after sterilization. The first stage comprises cooling preserves up to t 75-80 deg. C in the air flow, the air velocities being 2.75, 3.7, 4.8, and 5.8 m/sec. The time of cooling reduced as the air velocity increases to be 11, 9, 8.5 and 8 min, respectively. The average speed of cooling gradually increases from 1.82 deg. C/min to 2.5 deg. C/min. The second stage comprises continuing cooling to apply a water film of 60-65 deg. C to the jar surface at 5-10 sec interval. During the process a jar is with a certain frequency is overturned down from the bottom to the cap. The average speed of cooling product is 3.33 deg. C/min at cooling air velocity of 2.75 m/sec and it is gradually increasing to reach 5.4 deg. C/min. Experimentally range of optimum cooling air velocities has been determined to be 4.8-5.8 m/sec, cooling time being decreased by 0.6 min only. A mathematical model has been has been developed describing the two-stage air and water vaporizing cooling time of stewed fruit jars depending on some factors. Relative error in comparing target values with experimental values did not exceed 8%. The developed method is recommended to be used at food canning industry enterprises and for designing continuously operating devices. | Разработан двухэтапный способ охлаждения банок с консервированными продуктами после стерилизации. На первом этапе (до t 75-80 град. С) охлаждение консервов производят в потоке атмосферного воздуха при различных скоростях охлаждающего воздуха – 2,75; 3,7; 4,8 и 5,8 м/с. Продолжительность охлаждения с увеличением скорости охлаждающего воздуха снижается и составляет соответственно 11,0; 9,0; 8,5 и 8,0 мин. При этом средняя скорость охлаждения продукта постепенно увеличивается с 1,82 град. С/м до 2,5 град. С/мин. На втором этапе охлаждение продолжается с нанесением на поверхность банки водяной пленки температурой 60-65 град. С с интервалом 5-10 с, при этом в процессе охлаждения банку с определенной частотой переворачивают с донышка на крышку. Средняя скорость охлаждения продукта составляет 3,33 град. С/мин при скорости охлаждающего воздуха 2,75 м/с и постепенно увеличивается, достигая 5,4 град. С/мин. Экспериментально определен интервал оптимальных скоростей охлаждающего воздуха (4,8-5,8 м/с), при котором продолжительность процесса охлаждения сокращается всего на 0,6 мин. Составлена математическая модель, описывающая продолжительность двухэтапного воздушно-водоиспарительного охлаждения банок с компотами в зависимости от ряда факторов. Относительная погрешность при сопоставлении расчетных значений с опытными не превышала 8%. Разработанный способ рекомендуется для применения на предприятиях консервной промышленности и при проектировании аппаратов непрерывного действия.