Summaries (En)

To study the factors and mechanisms involved in microorganisms' death or resistance to temperature in low-water-activity environments, a previous work dealt with the viability of dried microorganisms immobilized in thin-layer on glass beads. This work is intended to check the efficiency of a rapid heating-cooling treatment to destroy microorganisms that were dried after mixing with wheat flour or skim milk. The thermoresistance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum were studied. Heat stress was applied at two temperatures (150 or 200 degrees C) for treatments of one of four durations (5, 10, 20, or 30 s) and at seven levels of initial water activity (a(w)) in the range 0.10 to 0.70. This new treatment achieved a microbial destruction of eight log reductions. A specific initial water activity was defined for each strain at which it was most resistant to heat treatments. On wheat flour, this initial a(w) value was in the range 0.30-0.50, with maximal viability value at a(w)=0.35 for L. plantarum, whatever the temperature studied, and 0.40 for S. cerevisiae. For skim milk, a variation in microbial viability was observed, with optimal resistance in the range 0.30-0.50 for S. cerevisiae and 0.20-0.50 for L. plantarum, with minimal destruction at a(w)=0.30 whatever the heating temperature is.

A través de un experimento con 192 pollos mantenidos a 30°C en promedio de temperatura ambiente (TA) entre 28 días y 35 días, se evaluó el efecto de la adición de minerales en el agua o el alimento sobre las variables productivas y fisiológicas durante la etapa de finalización, bajo condiciones de estrés calórico crónico y agudo en pollos de engorde. Luego se simuló a los 36 días de edad, el estrés agudo con 36 °C/6 horas, incluyendo 3 tratamientos: T1= Alimento balanceado sin adición mineral, T2= Alimento balanceado con adición mineral en alimento y T3= Alimento balanceado con adición mineral en agua. El diseño experimental fue un arreglo completamente al azar, con 8 repeticiones/tratamiento, 8 pollos/repetición. La composición del suplemento mineral fue: NaHCO3 (0,83%); NH4Cl (0,07%) y; NaCl (0,30%), obteniéndose un balance de electrólitos de 240 mEq. Se evaluaron, el consumo de alimento, consumo de agua, ganancia de peso, conversión de alimento, temperatura corporal (TC), nivel de hiperventilación (NH), durante el estrés crónico y mortalidad (M) durante el estrés agudo. Los datos fueron analizados mediante pruebas de ANAVAR y de Chicuadrado para la mortalidad. Encontrándose que al adicionar minerales tanto en el agua como en el alimento, no hubo efecto significativo en las variables productivas. Se observó que los pollos que recibieron minerales (T2 y T3), incrementaron el consumo promedio de agua en un 34% (P=0,016) con respecto al T1. La adición de minerales en el agua permitió una disminución (P=0,007) de la TC (42,80 ± 0,16 °C), NH (159,95 ± 4,93 insp/min) y una reducción de la M hasta un 22% durante la simulación del estrés calórico agudo. Se concluye que la adición de minerales afecta principalmente las variables fisiológicas y la mortalidad | In order to evaluate the effect of mineral supplying in water or feed on productive and physiological variables in broilers under acute and chronic heat stress during final growth stage an experiment was conducted. Using a completely randomized design, a total of 195 broilers were randomly assigned to three treatments with 8 replicates of 8 birds each one. The treatments were T1 = basal diet with no mineral addition; T2 = basal diet plus mineral addition in feed; T3 = basal diet plus mineral addition in water, which were applied from 28 days of age. Before this period all broilers were receiving a same balance diet. The composition of the mineral formula used was: NaHCO3 (0,83%); NH4Cl (0,07%); NaCl (0,30%), obtaining an electrolytes balance of 240 mEq. Between 28 to 35 days of age, all these groups of birds were subjected at 30 ºC and the following day an acute heat stress was simulated using 36ºC for 6 hours. At 28 to 36 days old the following parameters were measured: feed and water consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion index, body temperature (BT), hyperventilation level (HL) and mortality (M) during acute stress. An ANOVA test was applied to all variables except M, which a Chi-squared test was performed. No significant effects on productive variables were found with minerals adding, neither to the water nor to the feed. Water consumption was 34% greater in T3 and T2 (P=0,016) regard to T1, which not received minerals. Mineral addition in water reduced significantly (P=0,007) BT (42,80 ± 0,16 °C), HL (159,95 ± 4,93 breaths/min) and M was reduced until 22% during acute heat stress period. It is concluded that mineral supplying affects mostly physiological variables and mortality

Se evaluó el efecto de la adición de electrolitos en el agua y alimento sobre las variables productivas y sanguíneas durante la etapa de fi nalización, bajo condiciones de estrés térmico crónico (28 a 35 d de edad) y estrés térmico agudo simulado (ETAS) a los 36 d de edad, en pollos de engorde. Se utilizaron 192 pollos distribuidos al azar, con ocho repeticiones/tratamiento (ocho pollos/ repetición). Las tres tratamientos (T), a saber: T1: sin adición electrólitos; T2: adición de electrólitos en alimento; T3: adición electrólitos en agua. La fuente de electrólitos fue: NaHCO3 (0,83%); NH4Cl (0,07%); NaCl (0,30%), obteniéndose un balance electrolítico de 240 mEq. Se evaluaron: variables productivas y sanguíneas; pH, presiones parciales de O2, de CO2 y HCO3, hematocrito, hemoglobina, proteína plasmática, glóbulos blancos, glóbulos rojos y electrólitos sanguíneos, y mortalidad. Los datos fueron analizados por ANAVAR. Los resultados muestran que la adición de electrólitos en agua o alimento durante el estrés crónico, aumentó el consumo de agua en pollos suplementados, sin existir efectos significativos en parámetros productivos. La mortalidad durante el ETAS disminuyó (22%) (P<0,001) en el T3, los niveles de Na+ (129,73 ± 1,87 mEq/l) y Cl- (111,73 ± 1,54 mEq/l) variaron (P< 0,05) siendo los del T1 mayores a los del T3. Se determina que la adición de electrólitos mantiene las variables productivas y sanguíneas, logrando disminuir la mortalidad en el ETAS. | The effect of the addition of electrolytes in water and feed on productive and blood variables during the fi nal stage, under conditions of chronic heat stress (28 to 35 d of age) and acute heat stress simulated (AHSS) at 36 d of age in broilers were studied. 192 broilers were randomly distributed, with eight replicates/treatment (eight broilers/ repeat). The three treatments (T) as follows: T1: without electrolytes addition; T2: addition of electrolytes in feed; T3: adding electrolytes in water. The source of electrolytes was: NaHCO3 (0.83%), NH4Cl (0.07%), NaCl (0.30%), obtaining an electrolyte balance of 240 mEq. Variables evaluated were: production and blood pH, partial pressures of O2, CO2 and HCO3, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma protein, white blood cells, red blood cells, blood electrolytes, and mortality. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. The results showed that the addition of electrolytes in water or feed during chronic stress, increased water consumption in Broilers supplemented, with no signifi cant effects on production parameters. Mortality during the AHSS decreased (22%) (P<0.001) in the T3, levels of Na + (129.73 ± 1.87 mEq/l) and Cl-(111.73 ± 1.54 mEq/l) varied (P<0.05) being greater than T1 T3. Determined that the addition of electrolyte helps maintan blood production variables stable, decreasing mortality in the AHSS.

A través de un experimento con 192 pollos mantenidos a 30°C en promedio de temperatura ambiente (TA) entre 28 días y 35 días, se evaluó el efecto de la adición de minerales en el agua o el alimento sobre las variables productivas y fisiológicas durante la etapa de finalización, bajo condiciones de estrés calórico crónico y agudo en pollos de engorde. Luego se simuló a los 36 días de edad, el estrés agudo con 36 °C/6 horas, incluyendo 3 tratamientos: T1= Alimento balanceado sin adición mineral, T2= Alimento balanceado con adición mineral en alimento y T3= Alimento balanceado con adición mineral en agua. El diseño experimental fue un arreglo completamente al azar, con 8 repeticiones/tratamiento, 8 pollos/repetición. La composición del suplemento mineral fue: NaHCO3 (0,83%); NH4Cl (0,07%) y; NaCl (0,30%), obteniéndose un balance de electrólitos de 240 mEq. Se evaluaron, el consumo de alimento, consumo de agua, ganancia de peso, conversión de alimento, temperatura corporal (TC), nivel de hiperventilación (NH), durante el estrés crónico y mortalidad (M) durante el estrés agudo. Los datos fueron analizados mediante pruebas de ANAVAR y de Chicuadrado para la mortalidad. Encontrándose que al adicionar minerales tanto en el agua como en el alimento, no hubo efecto significativo en las variables productivas. Se observó que los pollos que recibieron minerales (T2 y T3), incrementaron el consumo promedio de agua en un 34% (P=0,016) con respecto al T1. La adición de minerales en el agua permitió una disminución (P=0,007) de la TC (42,80 ± 0,16 °C), NH (159,95 ± 4,93 insp/min) y una reducción de la M hasta un 22% durante la simulación del estrés calórico agudo. Se concluye que la adición de minerales afecta principalmente las variables fisiológicas y la mortalidad | In order to evaluate the effect of mineral supplying in water or feed on productive and physiological variables in broilers under acute and chronic heat stress during final growth stage an experiment was conducted. Using a completely randomized design, a total of 195 broilers were randomly assigned to three treatments with 8 replicates of 8 birds each one. The treatments were T1 = basal diet with no mineral addition; T2 = basal diet plus mineral addition in feed; T3 = basal diet plus mineral addition in water, which were applied from 28 days of age. Before this period all broilers were receiving a same balance diet. The composition of the mineral formula used was: NaHCO3 (0,83%); NH4Cl (0,07%); NaCl (0,30%), obtaining an electrolytes balance of 240 mEq. Between 28 to 35 days of age, all these groups of birds were subjected at 30 ºC and the following day an acute heat stress was simulated using 36ºC for 6 hours. At 28 to 36 days old the following parameters were measured: feed and water consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion index, body temperature (BT), hyperventilation level (HL) and mortality (M) during acute stress. An ANOVA test was applied to all variables except M, which a Chi-squared test was performed. No significant effects on productive variables were found with minerals adding, neither to the water nor to the feed. Water consumption was 34% greater in T3 and T2 (P=0,016) regard to T1, which not received minerals. Mineral addition in water reduced significantly (P=0,007) BT (42,80 ± 0,16 °C), HL (159,95 ± 4,93 breaths/min) and M was reduced until 22% during acute heat stress period. It is concluded that mineral supplying affects mostly physiological variables and mortality

The effects of mineral addition in feed or water on performance parameters and heart rate (HR) were evaluated in broilers at 28-35 d and  36 d under both chronic heat stress (CHS) and acute heat stress (AHS) in laboratory conditions. One-hundred ninety two broilers were used, distributed in 6 cages and 4 rooms, according to weight, with 8 animals per cage: four males and four females. For individual measurements, at 21 d, 2 males and 2 females out of 8 broilers were chosen and classified as: heavy male; light male; heavy female and; heavy female. For HR measurement, 48 broilers were used. The assay included 3 treatments (T): T1: A basal diet (BD); T2: BD plus mineral addition in feed; T3: a BD plus mineral addition in water. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 repetitions/treatment. Composition of the mineral formula used was: NaHCO3 (0.83%); NH4Cl (0.07%); NaCl (0.30%), attaining a final balance of 240 mEq/kg. The following was measured: feed consumption (FC), water consumption (WC) body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), body temperature (BT), HR, hyperventilation level (HL), blood pH, blood gases (BG), and blood electrolytes. The results were analyzed with ANOVA and mortality rate (MR) was evaluated through the Chi-square procedure. The results show that FC, BWG and FCE were similar for all T. The WC for T2 (300±23.0 mL/bird/period) and T3 (290±19.0 mL/bird/period) was higher (P=0,016) than for T1 (220±12 mL/bird/period). The lowest M (15.63 % vs 37.50%) was found in T3 vs T1 (P<0.001). The HR and HL were not affected by T during CHS and AHS. Tachycardia was the result of AHS due to higher environmental temperatures. Assessment of parameters such as cardiac output, blood pressure, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, electrocardiogram wave morphology is advised to clarify cardiovascular function under heat stress. | Se evaluaron en ambiente semicontrolado, los efectos de adición de minerales en agua o alimento sobre parámetros productivos y frecuencia cardiaca (FC) en pollos de engorde de 28-35 d y 36 d bajo estrés calórico crónico (ECC) y estrés calórico agudo (ECA), respectivamente. Se usó un total de 192 pollos, según peso, distribuidos en 6 corrales y 4 salas, asignándose 8 pollos/corral: cuatro machos y cuatro hembras. A los 21 d, para las medidas individuales, de los 8 pollos se seleccionaron 2 machos y 2 hembras, identificándolos como macho pesado, macho liviano, hembra pesada y hembra liviana. Para FC, se escogieron 48 pollos. El ensayo incluyó 3 tratamientos (T): T1: Alimento balanceado (AB); T2: AB con adición mineral y T3: AB con adición mineral en agua. El diseño utilizado fue completamente al azar con 4 repeticiones/tratamiento. La composición del suplemento mineral fue: NaHCO3 (0,83%); NH4Cl (0,07%) y; NaCl (0,30%) con un balance electrolítico de 240 mEq/kg. Se evaluó consumo de alimento (CAL), consumo de agua (CAG), ganancia de peso (GP), conversión alimenticia (CA), temperatura corporal (TC), nivel dehiperventilación (NH), FC, gases y  electrólitos en sangre, y mortalidad (M). Los datos fueron analizados mediante ANAVAR. Se usó Chi cuadrado para calcular el porcentaje de mortalidad. Los resultados muestran que CAL, GP y CA fueron similares en todos los T. El CAG en T2 (300 ± 23,0 mL/pollo/período) y T3 (290±19,0 mL/pollo/período) fue mayor (P=0,016) que T1 (220±12 mL/pollo/período). La menor M (15,63 % vs 37,50 %) se produjo entre T3 vs T1 (P<0,001). Los T no afectaron NH ni FC durante ECC y ECA. En todos los T hubo taquicardia significativa (P<0,001) solamente en ECA, debido a mayores temperaturas ambientales. Se recomienda determinar gasto cardiaco, presión arterial, volumen de eyección, resistencia periférica total y morfología de ondas del electrocardiograma, para clarificar la función cardiovascular en condiciones de estrés calórico.

Effect of evaporative cooling of pregnant dairy cows under heat load conditions during the dry and close-up period, on mammary gland enzymatic activity and intake of food and water, BCS, and milk performance after calving were measured in two consequent experiments. In experiment 1, 18 dry cows held in tie-stalls in a closed aerated barn under heat load conditions were used to measure the effect of evaporative cooling on the respiratory rate and body temperature, individual intake of food and water, enzymes expression level in mammary gland and adipose tissues, and BCS changes until calving. In experiment 2, two groups of 36 dry cows each, held in a commercial loose housing barn, were used to measure the effects of evaporative cooling under heat load conditions on calves' birth weight, colostrum quality and quantity, BCS changes and milk yield during 90 DIM. The non cooled (NC) cows responded to heat load by increasing their respiratory rate and daily water intake, while elevating their rectal temperature by 0.2-0.3 °C as compared with the cooled (C) cows. The external relief of heat load by the C cows in both experiments was expressed in increasing their voluntary DMI during the dry period as compared with the NC group. In experiment 2 the calves' birth weight of C cows was higher, and their colostrum quality and quantity were improved as compared with the NC group. Cooling also improved significantly BCS gain during the last 21 days until parturition, accompanied with higher cell proliferation process (based on enzymes expression at mRNA level) in the mammary gland of the C cows. Consequently, a significant increase in milk production by 5.3%, protein yield by 5.1%, ECM yield by 4.2% and FCM yield by 4.5%, was demonstrated in the C cows during 90 DIM as compared with the NC group.