This paper highlights the difficult choices that must be made as mounting pressure from the world’s growing population for more food could lead to greater water consumption and increasing environmental degradation. Globally, agriculture uses between 70 to 90% of developed water supplies and the livelihoods of 70% of the world’s poor depend largely on farming. Despite the benefits, large-scale irrigation systems have led to pollution in rivers and the drying up of wetlands: at least 30% of the world’s river flows need to be used to maintain the condition of freshwater ecosystems worldwide.The paper argues that there is less water available for the competing demands for water (water to feed people, water to reduce poverty and water to sustain natural ecosystems) because of increasing water demands by cities and industries. It identifies a number of ways of resolving this dilemma: <B>Improved water productivity:</B> this might be achieved through improved crop varieties, combined with better tillage methods and more precise drip or micro irrigation. Drought resistant seeds, water harvesting schemes and small plot technologies such as manually operated treadle pumps have the potential to boost yields by 100% in many areas of sub- Saharan Africa where most farmers depend on rain fed agriculture. An improvement of water productivity by 40% over the next twenty five years would be reduce the global need for extra water for irrigation to zero. <B>Influencing peoples’ diets:</B> Western diets based on meat from grain fed cattle account for as much as 5,000 liters per capita per day while vegetarian diets deplete less than half as much water. With prevailing land and water management practices, a balanced diet requires 3287 liters of water per day compared to the 50 used for an average household’s domestic needs. <B>Increasing the trade of ‘virtual water’: </B>this trade in food from water abundant countries to water scarce ones is another option to be considered, but it is questionable whether low income countries will be able to afford ‘virtual water’ and there may be negative consequences for poor farmers. <B>Increasing the use of urban wastewater for irrigation: </B> up to one-tenth of the world’s population eats food produced using wastewater from towns and cities. Using wastewater and saline water for irrigation may improve the quality of water available for ecosystems in basins where there is still some outflow<B>Reforming agricultural policy: </B> agricultural subsidies in the west are a major factor in keeping prices low for agricultural producers in developing countries. However, decisions on diet and trade tend not to factor in water issues directly. While diet transitions in developing countries increase water demands, and some farm practices can be changed, influencing people's diets may not be a practical means of addressing water scarcity across the world. Global trade flows similarly resist influence, as economic and political motivations tend to override environmental ones.Of these options, increasing water productivity and the upgrading of rain-fed systems have the most potential to improve food security and reduce poverty at the lowest environmental cost. The paper finds that gains from increased irrigation efficiency are a lot less than imagined.This draft version of the report was prepared for a World Water Week 2004 event held in Stockholm

The discourse on the need for water, energy, and food security has dominated the development agenda of southern African countries, centred on improving livelihoods, building resilience, and regional integration. About 60% of the population in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) live in rural areas relying mainly on rainfed agriculture, lacking access to clean water and energy, yet the region is endowed with vast natural resources. The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is a conceptual framework that presents opportunities for greater resource coordination, management, and policy convergence across sectors. This is particularly relevant in the SADC region as resources are transboundary and supports efforts linked to regional integration and inclusive socio-economic development and security. We conducted an appraisal of WEF-related policies and institutions in SADC and identified linkages among them. The present ‘silo’ approach in resource management and allocation, often conducted at the national level, contributes to the region’s failure to meet its development targets, exacerbating its vulnerabilities. The lack of coordination of WEF nexus synergies and trade-offs in planning often threatens the sustainability of development initiatives. We highlighted the importance of the WEF nexus to sustainably address the sectoral coordination of resources through harmonised institutions and policies, as well as setting targets and indicators to direct and monitor nexus developments. We illustrate the significance of the nexus in promoting inclusive development and transforming vulnerable communities into resilient societies. The study recommends a set of integrated assessment models to monitor and evaluate the implementation of WEF nexus targets. Going forward, we propose the adoption of a regional WEF nexus framework.

The discourse on the need for water, energy, and food security has dominated the development agenda of southern African countries, centred on improving livelihoods, building resilience, and regional integration. About 60% of the population in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) live in rural areas relying mainly on rainfed agriculture, lacking access to clean water and energy, yet the region is endowed with vast natural resources. The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is a conceptual framework that presents opportunities for greater resource coordination, management, and policy convergence across sectors. This is particularly relevant in the SADC region as resources are transboundary and supports efforts linked to regional integration and inclusive socio-economic development and security. We conducted an appraisal of WEF-related policies and institutions in SADC and identified linkages among them. The present ‘silo’ approach in resource management and allocation, often conducted at the national level, contributes to the region’s failure to meet its development targets, exacerbating its vulnerabilities. The lack of coordination of WEF nexus synergies and trade-offs in planning often threatens the sustainability of development initiatives. We highlighted the importance of the WEF nexus to sustainably address the sectoral coordination of resources through harmonised institutions and policies, as well as setting targets and indicators to direct and monitor nexus developments. We illustrate the significance of the nexus in promoting inclusive development and transforming vulnerable communities into resilient societies. The study recommends a set of integrated assessment models to monitor and evaluate the implementation of WEF nexus targets. Going forward, we propose the adoption of a regional WEF nexus framework.