Water movement in the food processing residues during drying process was discussed to clarify the drying mechanism of the phytogenic residues. Diluted potassium chloride (KCl) solution was added to the residue as a tracer of liquid water. The concentration of KCl at each layer of the residue was measured during drying. The results show that, in the case of bean curd waste, the concentration of KCl at the surface layer increases in the beginning of drying process, and then the KCl of the inner layer becomes higher than that of the surface layer. It means that the direction of liquid water movement in the residue changes locally during drying process. The mass balance analysis using a tank-model shows that the amount of such reverse liquid water in the bean curd waste is about 4%/h of the total moving water

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of organochlorine insecticide residues were conducted in water, sediment, aquatic plants and animals from 3 freshwater reservoirs. Ninety water samples, 90 sediment samples, 397 aquatic plants samples and 121 aquatic animals samples were collected during March-April and August-September 1989. There were about 14 kinds of aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth, water lettuce, algae and water lilly etc. Aquatic animals are fish, shrimps and snails, but most of them are fish. They are striped snake-head fish, carp and catfish etc. Total samples of 698 were analyzed by using gas chromatographic techniques at Agricultural Toxic Substances Division. The results indicated that 5 kinds of insecticides were found in most samples. They were lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and derivatives. Dieldrin was detected at higher concentration and found in all samples. The residue level of dieldrin ranged from 0.01-0.12 ppb in water, 0.005-0.036 ppm in sediment, 0.001-0.138 ppm in aquatic plants and 0.001-0.037 ppm in aquatic animals respectively. The accumulation of dieldrin residue in water and aquatic plant samples from all reservoirs are not different but the level of dieldrin residue in sediment samples from Bueng Boraphed is higher than the other 2 reservoris. However the levels of dieldrin residue in sediment, aquatic plant and aquatic animal samples higher than those in water samples respectively.

The obvious advantages of the use of pesticides is hampered by the risks they can pose to humans and the environment. Sound evaluations of pesticides and easy access to these evaluations will help nations to choose those pesticides that will create the fewest risks. There are now about 50 international organizations, approximately 15 of them within the United Nations system, with some engaging in pesticide evaluations and regulations. The present survey of 72 pesticides of major global economic importance reveals that there is a lack of data for many of these pesticides, whereas others might be subjected to duplicate work and even confusing regulations. More joint programs and intensified information on ongoing activities, both internationally and nationally, should be encouraged. WHO has classified 71 of the 72 pesticides according to hazard for people handling them. International cancer risk classifications exist for three of them (IARC 1987), and U.S. EPA cancer classifications for 18. The availability of pesticides impacts humans and the environment. FAO/WHO has recommended different degrees of restrictions on the availability of 16 of the pesticides. According to United Nation Headquarters (1987), 20 of the 72 pesticides have been banned, withdrawn, or severely restricted in one or more countries. AIDs have been suggested for 31 of the 72 pesticides by FAO/WHO. Nationally, U.S. EPA has established reference doses for 44 of the pesticides. MRLs have been set by FAO and WHO for 31 of the pesticides in food and by WHO for 12 in drinking water. Nationally, there are great variations in tolerance levels as well as in rules for setting these tolerances, including group tolerances for related pesticides

Abstract: This scientific note reviews current approaches for using membrane technology to treat wastewater from food processing, for example, as a means to produce water by recovering components with high added value. In addition, with regard to the availability of wastewater, processes that contain membranes have been shown to be advantageous in terms of treating waste, recovering solutes, and producing water. With regard to the latter, processes that contain membranes can be considered to be a sustainable methodology given the valorization of waste. Lastly, this note provides a brief general view emphasizing a real need to apply membrane technology in the food industry, and indicates that its application is undoubtedly to come. | Resumen: Esta nota científica revisa los enfoques actuales de la tecnología de membranas para el tratamiento de residuos del procesamiento de alimentos; por ejemplo, como vía para la producción de agua a través de la recuperación de componentes de alto valor agregado. Además, se ha demostrado que los procesos integrados de membrana pueden ofrecer la ventaja de realizar las siguientes tareas en términos de disposición de aguas residuales: tratamiento de residuos, recuperación de solutos y producción de agua. Esto último permite considerar a los procesos integrados de membrana como una metodología sustentable a través de la valorización de residuos. Por último, esta nota provee una breve visión general, resaltando que la aplicación de la tecnología de membranas en verdad es necesaria en la industria alimentaria y que seguramente su implementación real aún está por venir.

The present review describes the processes occurring in the degradation of pesticides in soil and persues their entry to groundwater, air and food plants. To avoid groundwater pollution the adsorption and mineralization of pesticides in soil must be at least 99,98% of the soil-reaching substances. At lower retention rates groundwater protection is achieved only by minimizing the amount of application or by enlarging the intervals between the use of the same chemical ingredients

El presente trabajo refleja el análisis de los insumos y materiales utilizados en el laboratorio de ensayo, con el fin de conocer y determinar los residuos que se generan en el proceso de análisis de muestras, de esta manera se crea un instructivo que establece los responsables, lineamientos para manejo de muestras y disposición final adecuada de estas y de los demás residuos que se generan en el desarrollo de las actividades. De esta forma la empresa minimiza el impacto ambiental que puede ocasionar y cumple con la normatividad ambiental pertinente. | This work reflects the analysis of the inputs and materials used in the test laboratory, in order to know and determine the waste generated in the process of analysis of samples, thus creating an instruction that establishes those responsible, guidelines for handling samples and adequate final disposal of these and other waste generated in the development of activities. In this way the company minimizes the environmental impact that it can cause and complies with the relevant environmental regulations.

Includes bibliographies

El grupo Nutresa S.A es la empresa líder en alimentos procesados en Colombia, y tiene una amplia gama de productos en la canasta familia como lo son Chocolates, golosinas, galletas, café, helados, pastas y cárnicos. Alimentos cárnicos se especializa en el deshuese y almacenamiento de la materia prima cárnica que se distribuye para Zenú. Su objetivo principal es la explotación de la industria cárnica, ofreciendo una variedad de productos derivados de la carne, como salchichas y embutidos. El área de mantenimiento es el grupo general que contiene al área de generación, esta es una de las áreas más importantes ya que desde allí se controlan las temperaturas del proceso cárnico, además los consumos de agua, energía eléctrica y térmica que se generan en la empresa. Durante el proceso de prácticas en este lugar, la practicante tuvo la oportunidad de adquirir conocimientos significativos en el ámbito ambiental y también de explorar otras áreas que estaban relacionadas de manera indirecta con las responsabilidades del practicante. Uno de los logros más destacados fue la obtención del consumo energético de un equipo que no se tenía mapeado. El centro de prácticas contribuyó considerablemente al desarrollo profesional del practicante, ya que el ambiente laboral fomentaba la colaboración y el aprendizaje mutuo. Los compañeros siempre estuvieron dispuestos a brindar orientación y compartían su conocimiento para que pudiera mejorar en las tareas. Sin duda, uno de los mayores aprendizajes que se obtuvo como practicante fue la correcta gestión y disposición de los residuos, ya que la planta era muy estricta en este aspecto. | Pregrado | Ingeniero(a) Ambiental