Report submitted to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under the project, "Comparative assessment of water usage and impacts arising from biofuel projects in SOUTHEAST ASIAn Countries?, commissioned by the Letter of Agreement No LOA/RAP/2009/38. Thailand and Malaysia are two SOUTHEAST ASIAn countries with rapidly growing biofuel demand. Increasing use of biofuel envisages reducing dependence of petroleum products for transport and mitigating environmental impacts by reducing carbon emissions. It also expects to contribute to rural development and poverty reduction. However, the impacts of expanding production of feedstock for biofuel on water supply are not well understood. This paper assesses the water footprints and impacts of sugarcane molasses and cassava based bioethanol in Thailand, and palm oil based biodiesel in Malaysia. The water footprint of a commodity or service is the water depleted in its life cycle of its production or consumption. The total water footprints of sugarcane molasses and cassava bioethanol production in Thailand are estimated to be 1,646 and 2,304 m3/tonne, respectively, and of palm oil biodiesel in Malaysia is 3,730 m3/tonne. However, the contributions from irrigation are only a small fraction --9.0, 0.7 and 0.3%-- of the total water footprints of molasses and cassava bioethanol, and palm oil biodiesel respectively. In terms of irrigation water use,cassava is a better feedstock for bioethanol production than sugarcane molasses. In Thailand, the total annual irrigation water footprints in bioethanol production --54 million m3 (mcm) for molasses and 15 mcm for cassava-- is only 0.02% of the total renewable water resources. In Malaysia, total annual irrigation water footprint of palm oil biodiesel production is only 0.001% of the total renewable water resources. A significant spatial variation of irrigation water footprints of molasses based ethanol exists across provinces in Thailand, indicating potential for reducing water footprints. The total irrigation water footprints in biofuel production in the future in both countries will also be negligible in comparison to total water availability. However, the impact of wastewater generated in the production processes can have significant impacts on quality of local water resources. A part of the waste water, called 'spent wash', is applied as fertilizer, and over use of it can affect soil and neighboring water resources. The proposed plans on biofuel production in the future can generate more 'spent wash' than that can be used in crop fields as fertilizer. Spent wash has found to have high PH value, temperature, biological and chemical oxygen contents etc. The usual practice of storing spent wash in a pond for a long period near a plant can have detrimental impact on soil, streams' and groundwater quality. In sum, this study concludes that from the perspective of quantity of irrigation water use, the increasing biofuel production does not pose a major problem in Thailand or in Malaysia, and cassava is a better feedstock than sugarcane molasses for bioethanol production. However, the quality of water resources with increasing effluents generated by the biofuel plants could be a major environmental bottleneck to guard against.

El presente trabajo investigativo titulado "EVALUACIÓN DE LA SUPLEMENTACIÓN EN EL AGUA Y ALIMENTO DE UN COMPLEJO ENZIMÁTICO Y UN COMPLEJO DE AMINOÁCIDOS EN EL ENGORDE DE POLLOS BROILERS", se lo realizó en la ciudad de Loja, en el barrio La Manda., durante los meses de enero a marzo del 2010. Los objetivos fueron: Evaluar el efecto de la suplementación en el alimento de un complejo enzimático frente a un complejo de aminoácidos en el agua de bebida, en el engorde de pollos broiler y determinar el incremento de peso y conversión alimenticia en los grupos experimentales y conocer la rentabilidad económica al adicionar el complejo enzimático y de aminoácidos en el crecimiento y engorde. Para la realización de este trabajo experimental se utilizaron 240 pollos broiler de un día de edad, se conformó tres tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones cada uno. El tratamiento uno correspondió a la aplicación en el alimento balanceado la cantidad de 125 g de PoultIygrow 250 por tonelada de alimento suministrado durante el 1 hasta los 28 días de edad y del 29 a los 49 días se dio alimento sin enzimas; el tratamiento dos que correspondió en administrar en el agua POUVIT AMINOÁCIDOS LIQUIDO en la cantidad de 1 cc por cada litro de agua de bebida que fue suministrada desde el 29 hasta los 49 días de edad, mientras tanto que desde el 1 a los 28 días de edad se dio solo agua; el tratamiento treses el que se le asignó al grupo testigo que consiste en administrarles alimento y agua sin enzimas ni aminoácidos. Se utilizó el diseño de bloques al azar, con tres tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables en estudio fueron: incremento de peso, consumo de alimento, conversión alimenticia, mortalidad y rentabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: El mayor peso promedio semanal lo obtuvo el tratamiento uno, que corresponde a la aplicación dePoultIygrow 250 con2064.53 gramos. En incremento de peso, el mejor resultó ser el tratamiento uno que corresponde a la aplicación del complejo enzimático desde el primer día hasta los 28 días con 336,9 gramos. El mayor consumo de alimento, lo obtuvo el tratamiento tres sin aditivo, con 4109.15 gramos por semana, seguido del tratamiento dos que corresponde a la aplicación del POUVIT AMINOACIDOS desde el primer día hasta los 28 días, con 4133.1 gramos de consumo promedio. La mejor conversión alimenticia la presentó el tratamiento uno con 1.86, seguido del tratamiento tres con 1.89, luego del tratamiento dos con 1.94, y finalmente el tratamiento cuatro sin acidificante con 1.99. El promedio de mortalidad que se registró durante todo el desarrollo del trabajo fue del 2.08. La mejor rentabilidad como se puede notar el tratamiento uno generó mayores ganancias, con una rentabilidad del 16.42%.

This paper presents an exhaustive review of global croplands and their water use, for the end of last millennium, mapped using remote sensing and non-remote sensing approaches by world’s leading researchers on the subject. A comparison at country scale of global cropland area estimated by these studies had a high R2-value of 0.89–0.94. The global cropland area estimates amongst different studies are quite close and range between 1.47–1.53 billion hectares. However, significant uncertainties exist in determining irrigated areas which, globally, consume nearly 80% of all human water use. The estimates show that the total water use by global croplands varies between 6,685 to 7,500 km3 yr−1 and of this around 4,586 km3 yr−1 is by rainfed croplands (green water use) and the rest by irrigated croplands (blue water use). Irrigated areas use about 2,099 km3 yr−1 (1,180 km3 yr−1 of blue water and the rest from rain that falls over irrigated croplands). However, 1.6 to 2.5 times the blue water required by irrigated croplands is actually withdrawn from reservoirs or pumping of ground water, suggesting an irrigation efficiency of only between 40–62 percent. The weaknesses, trends, and future directions to precisely estimate the global croplands are examined. Finally, the paper links global croplands and their water use to a paradigm for ensuring future food security.

This paper focuses on the role of invasive, omnivorous/carnivorous amphipods in the food web of lakes and evaluates their significance as food items for fishes in two major lakes and reservoirs of the northwestern region of Russia: Lake Ladoga and Rybinsk Reservoir. Fish samples from both water bodies were collected, there age determined and their stomach content analysed to assess the role of the introduced amphipod in the diet. Fish species mainly analysed were: perch Perca fluviatilis, ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, burbot Lota lota, roach Rutilus rutilus, vendace Coregonus albula and kilka Clupeonella cultriventris. Analysis of original and literature data showed that the energy flow from zoobenthos to fish was modified by the Baikalian amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus, introduced in the 1960s-80s into many lakes and reservoirs of Russia. The invader established successfully in different aquatic systems, rapidly reaching high abundances. Examples from Lake Ladoga and the Rybinsk Reservoir confirmed that the species is an important food item for littoral benthivorous fishes (ruffe, perch, gobies, burbot), especially at early ontogenetic stages and also for several pelagic fish (vendace, kilka). Although these fish species are considered low food quality, they enrich the food supply for large predatory fish species. In Lake Ladoga, G. fasciatus influenced negatively the abundance and biomass of native benthic invertebrates (including Gammarus lacustris and Asellus aquaticus) which were previously important prey items for littoral fishes: in the beginning of introduction up to 24100 m⁻² and 33.5 g m⁻²; after introduction 6200-7800 m⁻² and 16.5 g m⁻², respectively. At the same time, the invader uses food sources (chironomids and oligochaetes) that would otherwise not be available to fishes. Therefore, the introduction of G. fasciatus into lakes and reservoirs of European part of Russia led to a greater share of the benthic productivity available to fishes, thereby allowing the intensive use of new ecosystem components and increasing the overall production in these systems.

A new solvent extraction system was developed for extraction of PFCs from food. The extraction is carried out with 75:25 (v/v) tetrahydrofuran:water, a solvent mixture that provides an appropriate balance of hydrogen bonding, dispersion and dipole-dipole interactions to efficiently extract PFCs with chains containing 4-14 carbon atoms from foods. This mixture provided recoveries above 85% from foods including vegetables, fruits, fish, meat and bread; and above 75% from cheese. Clean-up with a weak anion exchange resin and Envi-carb SPE, which were coupled in line for simplicity, was found to minimize matrix effects (viz. enhancement or suppression of electrospray ionization). The target analytes (PFCs) were resolved on a perfluorooctyl phase column that proved effective in separating mass interferences for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in fish and meat samples. The mass spectrometer was operated in the negative electrospray ionization mode and used to record two transitions per analyte and one per mass-labeled method internal standard. The target PFCs were quantified from solvent based calibration curves. The limits of detection (LODs) were as low as 1-5pganalyteg⁻¹ food; by exception, those for C₄ and C₅ PFCs were somewhat higher (25-30pgg⁻¹) owing to their less favourable mass response. To the best of our knowledge these are among the best LODs for PFCs in foods reported to date. The analysis of a variety of foods revealed contamination with PFCs at levels from 4.5 to 75pgg⁻¹ in 25% of samples (fish and packaged spinach). C₁₀-C₁₄ PFCs were found in fish, which testifies to the need to control long-chain PFCs in this type of food. The proposed method is a useful tool for the development of a large-scale database for the presence of PFCs in foods.

El trabajo se desarrolla con el objetivo de determinar el valor del pH del condensado vegetal obtenido de los concentradores de jugos, su variación en dependencia con el tipo de cítrico y su madures, así como determinar la cantidad de hidróxido de sodio (NaOH) necesario para su tratamiento con el fin de poder utilizarlo como agua de alimentación de calderas, para el estudio se tomaron varias muestras de pH durante la campaña 2008-2009 que abarcaron siete meses, los valores de pH se compararon con el Ratio de la fruta, obteniéndose una correlación de 0,00149, demostrándose mediante métodos estadísticos que el pH del condensado vegetal es constante durante toda la campaña y que es posible utilizarlo como agua de alimentación de calderas, adicionándole a cada metro cúbico 10, 17 g de hidróxido de sodio logrando elevar su pH de 4 hasta 8. | The objective of this paper is to determine the value of the pH on the condensed vegetable obtained from the juice concentrators, its variance depending on the kind of citrus fruits and its maturity as well as to determine the amount of sodium hydroxide needed for its treatment, to be used to feed the boilers. For this study many samples of pH were taken during the campaign 2008-2009, in a 7 month period. The values of pH were compared to the fruit ratio obtaining a correlation of 0,00149, and by statistics methods it is found that the condensed vegetable pH is constant during the hole campaign and that it is possible to use it to feed the boilers adding to every cubic meter 10,17 g of sodium hydroxide to increase values of pH, from 4 to 8.

El trabajo se desarrolla con el objetivo de determinar el valor del pH del condensado vegetal obtenido de los concentradores de jugos, su variación en dependencia con el tipo de cítrico y su madures, así como determinar la cantidad de hidróxido de sodio (NaOH) necesario para su tratamiento con el fin de poder utilizarlo como agua de alimentación de calderas, para el estudio se tomaron varias muestras de pH durante la campaña 2008-2009 que abarcaron siete meses, los valores de pH se compararon con el Ratio de la fruta, obteniéndose una correlación de 0,00149, demostrándose mediante métodos estadísticos que el pH del condensado vegetal es constante durante toda la campaña y que es posible utilizarlo como agua de alimentación de calderas, adicionándole a cada metro cúbico 10, 17 g de hidróxido de sodio logrando elevar su pH de 4 hasta 8.

This report briefly introduces the research and development activities implemented in this first year of operations by the Cambodian team of the SANREM-CRSP. The PADAC team and its local SANREM partners, the NGO AVSF-CICDA (Agronomes et Vétérinaires sans frontière) and the faculty of agronomy of the Royal University of Agriculture have mainly implemented the following actions in the 2 chosen villages of Rattanak Mundul district (Battambang province, west Cambodia): - Initiation of pilot farm extension network for DMC adoption (36 ha with 25 families) combined with farmers organization development - Implementation of the double (DMC vs Plow) plots sub-sample for soil's parameter evolution with T0 soil sampling - Farming systems characterization through a 6 months surveys carried out by 2 master students, supported by CIRAD scientists; requested database for the coming implementation of a Reference Farm Network - Several fields visit to introduce DMC to local farmers (progressive extension of the network) and other stakeholders.(résumé d'auteur)

"Se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental en tres fases, a fin de evaluar el efecto de alimento natural exógeno sobre la respuesta productiva, condición nutricional e inmune, y calidad post cosecha del camarón blanco del pacifico Litopenaeus vannamei, durante la pre-engorda superintensiva. En la primera fase se evaluaron 4 grupos zooplanctónicos (rotiferos, copepodos, Artemia e insectos acuáticos) en 4 densidades, sobre el desempeño productivo y calidad del agua del sistema. En la segunda fase se evaluaron dos medios de cultivo alternativos, uno agrícola y otro acuícola, para la producción de las microalgas Nannochloropisis oculata y Chaetoceros muelleri, las cuales a su vez fueron evaluadas como alimento para Brachionus rotundiformis, Acartia sp. y Calanus pacificus. En la tercera fase se evaluó la sustitución parcial y total del alimento formulado, por alimento natural exógeno (insectos), en la respuesta productiva, condición nutricional e inmune y calidad post cosecha de juveniles de camarón, EI medio a base de fosfato monoamonico fue similar al medio Guillard F2 en la producción de biomasa de N. oculata. Sin embargo, microalgas en un medio con Nutrilake generaron mayor producción de rotíferos (l32.5±6.35 r/ml) y fecundidad (1.25±0.09 huevos/hembra) comparado con el control (111.5±9 .29 r/ml y 0.67±O.12 huevos/hembra, respectivamente). Se encontró que la inclusión de alimento natural exógeno tuvo efectos positivos en la respuesta productiva del camarón y no hubo efectos adversos significativos en la calidad del agua. Camarones alimentados con insectos acuáticos a1canzaron 4.97±0.50 g, con una sobrevivencia de 86.67%. Camarones alimentados con rotíferos alcanzaron 3.40±0.07 g, con una sobrevivencia de 92.42%, mientras que el control alcanzo 2.18±0.31 g, con sobrevivencia de 62.12%. La sustitución parcial al 50% del alimento formulado por insectos acuáticos, resulto en biomasa similares al control, una mejor sobrevivencia y un factor de conversión de alimento significativamente menor (l.44±0.06). Se presentó una tendencia en la que la cantidad de hemocitos se incrementa en función a la cantidad de alimento natural. Los conteos mas bajos de hemocitos y mas altos de profenol oxidasa se presentaron en el tratamiento con alimento artificial. Se estableció que hay una mayor cantidad de proteína y menor cantidad de glucosa, colesterol y triglicéridos en la hemolinfa de camarones que recibieron alimento natural..." | "A three-phase experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of natural feed on the production response, nutritional an immune condition, and post harvest quality of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a super intensive nursery phase. In the first phase 4 zooplankton groups (rotifers, copepods, Artemia and aquatic insects) were evaluated at 4 densities, in terms of productive performance of shrimp fed on them, and water quality of the system. In the second pha e, 2 alternative mediums: 1 agricultural and 1 aquaculture fertilizer, were evaluated for the production of the micro algae Nannochloropisis oculata and Chaetoceros muelleri, which were also evaluated as feed for Brachionus rotundiformiss, Acartia sp. and Calanus pacificus. In the third phase, the partial and total replacement of formulated feed by exogenous natural feed (insects) was evaluated in terms of production response, nutritional and immune condition and post harvest quality of shrimp. The use of mono ammonic phosphate medium for the production of N. oculata generated similar results to the use of Guillard F2. Microalgae in a Nutrilake fertilized system produced higher number of rotifers (132.5±6.35 r/ml) and fecundity (1.25±0.09 eggs/female) when compared with the control (1 11.5±9.29 r/ml y 0.67±0.12 eggs/female, respectively). Inclusion of natural exogenous food had a positive response in terms of production, with no apparent negative effects in terms of water quality. Shrimp fed with aquatic insects attained a final test weight of 4.97±0.50 g, and survival of 86.67%. Rotifer fed shrimp had a mean final weight of 3.40±0.07 g, and a survival of 92.42%. Mean [mal weight for control shrimp was 2.18±0.31 g (survival = 62.12%). A 50% formulated feed substitution for aquatic insects resulted in a similar final biomass to the control, better survival and a significantly lower food conversion rate (l.44±0.06). Hems cite count increased as the level of natural feed increased in the treatments. This is a reflection of the immune state of the organism. Low hem cite and high prophenol oxidase levels were present in the control (artificial feed) treatment. There was a higher protein and lower glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the hem lymph of shrimp receiving natural exogenous feed..."