De acuerdo con el Índice Global del Hambre (GHI, por sus siglas en inglés) de 2012, el hambre a nivel mundial ha disminuido algo desde 1990 pero continúa siendo “serio”. El promedio global enmascara diferencias dramáticas entre regiones y países. A nivel regional, los mayores puntajes del GHI se encuentran en Asia meridional y en el África Subsahariana. Asia meridional redujo sus puntajes de GHI de forma significativa entre 1990 y 1996 —principalmente a través de una reducción en la proporción de niños con bajo peso— pero no pudo mantener este rápido progreso. Y aunque el África Subsahariana progresó menos que Asia meridional en la década de 1990, ha logrado reducir la brecha a partir del nuevo milenio, con un puntaje del GHI en 2012 apenas por debajo del obtenido por Asia meridional. | Non-PR | IFPRI2; GRP24 | COM; MTID; DGO; EPTD; PHND; WCAO

A. Castro et al., 'Sistema Agroforestal Quesungual (SAQ): Mejorando la productividad del agua la seguridad alimentaria y la calidad de los recursos en el trópico sub-húmedo', 2012

Blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) has known as euryhaline species refers to wide range of salinity tolerance. The pure population or hybrid with other strain of tilapia can be a good candidate in marginal coastal land use. Tilapia is the most important aquaculture species in Indonesia. Refers to FAO 2010, Indonesia is the third biggest of tilapia production after China and Egypt. One of the main problems in aquaculture is their feed as the major cost in fish farming. Various techniques had carried out to reduce of feed cost such as improving fish quality, sex reversal and feed management. This research aimed to determine of compensatory growth in tilapia as one technique in feed management. Fry obtained from natural spawning in freshwater pond. Acclimatization in 20 ppt made in aquarium for 4 days after one month reared in hapas. Fish reared in 2 m x 1 m hapas with five treatments and three replications. This research had conducted at brackish water pond in Yogyakarta. The treatments is A: one day fasting and six days feeding (1/6), B: 2/5, C: 3/4, D: 4/3 and E is control. Results showed that the biggest of average weight gain is treatment of E (68.36 g) followed by A (66.38 g), B (62.44 g), C (43.56 g), and D (27.30 g) respectively. One-way ANOVAs analysis with 95% of interval confidences continued with Tukey’s Pairwaise comparison showed that nothing significant different between E, A, and B. The biggest of daily growth rate and specific growth rate is E (0.75 g/day and 4.68 %bw/day) followed by A (0.73 g/day and 4.65 %bw/day); B (0.69 g/day and 4.58 %bw/day); C (0.48 g/day and 4.18% bw/day) and D (0.29 g/day and 3.65% bw/day) respectively. Survival rate of A is 73.00% followed by E. 72.00%, C. 71.00%, D. 69.69%, and B. 67.00% respectively. Feed conversion ratio of D is 0.83 followed by C (0.87), B (0.98), A (1.16), and E (1.41). Food efficiency ratio of D is 127.06% followed by C (118.75%), B (106.09%), A (88.87%), and E (73.38%). These results indicate that fasting of one day and two days has no significant effect on fish growth. Treatment A and B is the better treatment for fish culture refers to the better value of FCR, FER, and total weight gain.

Many tonnes of compost are generated per year due to door step composting of both garden and kitchen waste. Whilst there are commercial outlets for the finer grade of compost (<10mm) in plant nurseries, there is little demand for the coarser material (>25mm). This paper reports part of a WRAP-sponsored (Waste Resources Action Programme) study which investigated the potential for green (GC) and mixed green and food (MC) composts to be incorporated into Sustainable Drainage (SUDS) devices such as swales, and replace the topsoil (TS) onto which turf is laid or grass seed distributed. However, it is not known whether compost can replace TS in terms of pollutant remediation, both the trapping of polluted particulates and in dealing with hydrocarbons such as oil, but also from a biofilm development and activity perspective. Using laboratory based experiments utilising leaching columns and an investigation of microbiological development in the composts studied, it was found that many of the differences in performance between MC and GC were insignificant, whilst both composts performed better in terms of pollutant retention than TS. Mixed compost in particular could be used in devices where there may be oil spillages, such as the lorry park of a Motorway Service Area due to its efficiency in degrading oil. Samples of GC and MC were found to contain many of the bacteria and fungi necessary for an active and efficient biofilm which would be an argument in their favour for replacement of TS and incorporation in swales.

Consideración de los requerimientos medio ambientales en el diseño de productos -- Ingeniería sostenible y proceso robusto -- Metodología de diseño robusto de TAGUCHI -- Síntomas, causas, tratamientos y clasificación de la anemia -- Tratamiento contra la anemia según su tipología --Estadísticas generales sobre la anemia y su prevalencia en El Salvador -- Diseño de una planta para la elaboración de una bebida saborizada y fortificada con hierro a partir de agua naturalmente enriquecida bajo el enfoque de ingeniería sostenible y proceso robusto -- Bombeo a los equipos del proceso de fabricación -- Artículo sobre agua potable como un portador de hierro para controlar la anemia en niños de edad preescolar en una guardería

Previous studies conducted in the Elk River watershed showed that selenium concentrations are higher in aquatic biota in lentic compared to lotic habitats of the system having similar water selenium concentrations. Studies have also shown that water selenium concentrations have increased over time (∼10% per year) and recent annual average concentrations have ranged up to 0.044 mg/L in areas downstream from mine discharges. For the present study, trophic transfer of selenium was characterized in lotic versus lentic habitats using concentrations measured in field‐collected samples and assuming a three‐step food chain of water to the base of the food web (biofilm), to benthic invertebrates, and then to westslope cutthroat trout (WCT) ovaries. Food chain models were developed for each habitat type (lotic and lentic) by combining linear regression equations for the three transfer relationships, allowing for prediction of fish ovary concentrations from water concentrations. Greater accumulation of selenium in lentic areas was mostly attributable to greater uptake at the base of the food chain compared to lotic areas. Enrichment/trophic transfer factors for selenium at all levels of the lotic and lentic food chains decreased and then became near constant as exposure concentrations increased. The lotic model predicted little increase in WCT ovary selenium concentrations over an eightfold increase in water concentrations (∼0.005–0.040 mg/L), accounting for the lack of observed increase in within‐area fish tissue concentrations over time despite increasing trends in water concentrations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:672–680. © 2011 SETAC

El incremento en la demanda de pescado para consumo humano ha ocasionado que los cultivos se intensifiquen y la demanda de alimentos balanceados para acuicultura se incremente. La moringa (Moringa oleifera) representa una alternativa como ingrediente para sustituir parcialmente la harina de pescado en alimentos balanceados para tilapia, debido a su contenido de proteína y carbohidratos, pero no ha sido evaluado para tilapia cultivada en agua de mar. En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados de la inclusión de harina de moringa en el crecimiento de tilapia (O. mossambicus x O. niloticus) cultivada en agua de mar y su digestibilidad in vivo. En el alimento balanceado, se incluyó harina de hoja de M. oleifera, sustituyendo 0, 10, 20 y 30 % de la proteína de la harina de sardina, los resultados sugieren que este ingrediente puede sustituir hasta en un 20% a la proteína de la harina de sardina, sin afectar el crecimiento de la tilapia. La digestibilidad de la proteína de la harina de moringa fue de 89 %. Se concluye que la harina de moringa puede ser incluida en el alimento sustituyendo parcialmente a la harina de sardina sin afectar el crecimiento de juveniles de tilapia roja.

Increasing productivity of rice generally depends on a variety of additional inputs. Various systems are designed for farmers to increase incomes and improve land productivity. SRI method is a potential technology to increase rice production management based on the cultivation of land, plants and water through the empowerment of groups and local knowledge-based eco-friendly activities. The application of SRI method requires a study of innovation adoption and optimal strategies for farmers. This study uses institutional descriptive analysis; LFA (Logical Framework Analysis) and experimental economics. The results showed that (1) The role and focus of government institutions is an increase in production through the application of various technologies. Performance of local institutions have an important a role of cultivation introduction and depends on the active community leader or head of the farmer or P3A Mitra Cai; (2) Incentives system for farmers in the application SRI paddy method is marketing insurance with favorable price, (3) the application of SRI paddy cultivation requires strengthening group farmer and P3A Mitra Cai in regulating water, organic agricultural input and marketing of products through the application of water fee rates (ipair) based on fair remuneration system; and (4) the incentives for farmers to encourage the application of SRI paddy cultivation is the provision compensation if there is a decrease in production. The existence of information on SRI Method have real impact. | Peningkatan produktivitas padi umumnya bergantung pada berbagai penambahan input. Berbagai sistem insentif bagi petani dirancang agar dapat meningkatkan pendapatan sekaligus meningkatkan produktivitas lahan. Metode SRI (system of rice intensification) merupakan teknologi potensial untuk meningkatkan produksi berdasarkan manajemen pengolahan tanah, tanaman dan air melalui pemberdayaan kelompok dan kearifan lokal berbasis ramah lingkungan. Namun aplikasi metode SRI membutuhkan kajian pola optimal dan strategi adopsi inovasi bagi petani. Penelitian menggunakan analisis diskriptif aspek kelembagaan; LFA (Logical Framework Analysis) dan ekonomi eksperimental. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) peran dan fokus kelembagaan pemerintah adalah peningkatan produksi melalui penerapan berbagai teknologi. Kinerja kelembagaan lokal berperan dalam WLQJNDWDQ ³VHGDQJ´ GDODP LQWURGXNVL EXGLGD\D GDQ WHUJDQWXQJ NHDNWLIDQ WRNRK PDV\DUDNDW DWDX NHWXD NHORPSRN (2) Sistem insentif bagi petani untuk penerapan metode padi SRI adalah jaminan pemasaran dengan harga menguntungkan; (3) Penerapan budidaya padi SRI membutuhkan penguatan kelompok tani dan P3A Mitra Cai dalam pengaturan air, penyediaan saprodi organik dan pemasaran produk melalui pemberlakuan tarif iuran air (ipair) yang fair berdasarkan sistem remunerasi; dan (4) Sistem insentif bagi petani untuk mendorong penerapan budidaya padi SRI adalah memberi ganti rugi jika ada penurunan produksi Adanya informasi tentang metode SRI berpengaruh nyata terhadap penerapan metode.