O juvenil do segundo estádio (J2) de Meloidogyne spp. gasta sua reserva energética corporal de formas diferentes sob condições variadas de temperatura e umidade do solo, chegando à incapacidade de parasitismo vegetal. Desta forma, objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar o efeito da incubação de J2 de M. incognita em solo com níveis de umidade e temperaturas diferentes, além do borbulhamento da suspensão do inóculo na infectividade desses J2 em tomateiro. A infectividade dos J2 armazenados no solo em tomateiros decresceu significativamente entre as temperaturas estudadas durante o período de seis dias. Maior (P<0,01) infectividade ocorreu com J2 armazenados no solo a 8 ºC e menor a 28 ºC. Também o decréscimo da umidade do solo de 30% para 5% causou redução significativa na infectividade. Dentre as temperaturas do solo estudadas, apenas a 28 ºC ocorreu redução da infectividade, quando se usou solo seco comparado com o úmido, chegando a aproximadamente 98% de redução a partir de 4 dias de armazenamento. A imobilização dos J2 mantidos em água aumentou com o período de armazenamento, com o aumento da temperatura e com o borbulhamento da água. A infectividade dos J2 armazenados na água decresceu com o aumento da temperatura e com o borbulhamento, porém a 8 ºC o borbulhamento não afetou a imobilização dos J2. | The second stage juvenile (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. spend the storaged energy of the body, differently, when living in variable conditions of soil temperatures and humidities approaching to the incapability of plant parasitism. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the storage of J2 of M. incognita in soil at different levels of humidity and temperature, besides water bubbling of inoculum suspension on the infectivity of starved J2 in tomato. The infectivity of J2 in tomato decreased significantly among storaged temperatures during the period of six days in soil. Greatest (P<0,01) infectivity occurred when J2 was storaged at 8 ºC and least at 28 ºC. When soil humidity decreased from 30% to 5% the J2 infectivity was significantly reduced. Among all storaged temperatures tested, only at 28 ºC occurred reduction of J2 infectivity in dry soil (5%) compared to humid (30%), approaching to 98% reduction from 4 days storage of J2. When J2 was storaged in water, its mobility decreased along the storage period, following the same trend with the temperature and water bubbling increased. The infectivity of J2 storaged in water decreased as the temperature and the water bubbling increased. However at 8 ºC the water bubbling did not affect the J2 mobility.

Forty per cent of the world population is settled in coastal zones, where much of industrial needs and world's food are produced. The influence of the sea on the environment and human livelihood is not restricted to the coastline- and mangrove belt. Indeed, its influence can be found up to 50 km further inland. Brackish water creates an environment in which continuous and dynamic flux impinges upon the stability of agricultural production systems and concomitant livelihood strategies. Most common management interventions fail to recognize the diversity of rural livelihoods in the coastal zones, and the environmental consequences for water quality and aquatic biodiversity. To address the diverse stakeholder interests and complex multi-scale upstream-downstream interactions, the Challenge Program on Water and Food Number 10 (CPWF #10) project started in 2004 with the aim of developing appropriate rice-aquaculture production systems to increase land and water productivity for improved food security and livelihoods suited to the different environments across the land water interface of two deltaic plains; the Mekong River Delta (Vietnam) and Indus-Gangetic Delta (Bangladesh).

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20 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables | The trophic relationships of decapod crustaceans on Le Danois bank (NE of Iberian Peninsula, NE Atlantic Ocean) were studied within the framework of the multidisciplinary project ECOMARG during two surveys, one in October 2003 and the other in April 2004. The diets of eleven species of decapods were analyzed and, within a rather continuous gradient of food source exploitation, 3 trophic groups were identified: (1) plankton feeders, comprising the shrimps Acanthephyra pelagica, Sergia robusta, and Pasiphaea tarda, which preyed on meso-bathypelagic taxa such as euphausiids and calanoids; (2) benthos feeders, comprising the crangonids Pontophilus norvegicus and Pontophilus spinosus, the crab Geryon trispinosus and the shrimp Aristeus antennatus; and (3) an intermediate group, including the rest of species, with mixed diets that included detritus. Among the third group, anomurans (Munida tenuimana, Pagurus alatus, and Parapagurus pilosimanus) consumed phytoplanktonic detritus in April, suggesting a link with peaks of surface Chl a occurring between March and April in the study area. Gut pigment and isotopic (δ13C/δ15N correlations) analyses revealed that assemblages inhabiting the top of the bank (455–612 m) and the inner basin (642–1048 m, close to the Lastres canyon head) had different food sources, with species inhabiting the deepest region exhibiting a stronger dependence on marine snow derivatives. These results are consistent with the higher proportion of mud and sediment organic matter (OM) content in the inner basin (82.2% pellites; 6.3% OM at 1028 m) compared to the top of the Le Danois bank (only 13.9% pellites; 2.8% OM at 485 m), which is a hydrodynamically more active zone. Exploitation of different food sources is also consistent with differences in the trophic level of species, inferred from stable δ15N isotope analyses, which yield values ranging from 6.88‰ for the hermit crab P. alatus to 13.52‰ for the crangonid shrimp P. norvegicus. Stomach fullness was higher in April 2004 than in October 2003, both between and within species of the dominant decapods, including detritus feeders (M. tenuimana) and benthos feeders (e.g. G. trispinosus, P. norvegicus). Most species exhibited a parallel increase in their density in April 2004, with a significant positive correlation between density and stomach fullness. This increase coincides with a peak of surface Chl a concentration occurring in March–April | Pigment analyses were performed thanks to NOW-ALW (Project No. 152911) | Peer reviewed

Handbook of Food Analytical Chemistry - Water proteins, Enzymes, Lipids, and Carbohydrates gives a good overview of principles in the analysis of these important components of food. Advisory comments and recommendations how to carry out the test instructions, which are normally found in other sources, makes the compendium particularly valuable. | JRC.D.8 - Food safety and quality