An experiment were conducted to evaluate The effect of feeding frequencies and stocking size on growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in brackish water for 102 days. Three stocking sizes (10, 25 and 40 g/fish) of rainbow trout and three feeding frequencies (feeding fish twice, three times and four times per day) were examined as the same time. Fish were fed at a restricted feeding program according to the rainbow trout standard table in the definite times during the light period. The results showed that in the group with 10 g initial weight increasing the feeding frequency, some growth factors like final weight, daily growth, and weight gain. But the other factors such as food conversion rate (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) decrease. It means in this group (10 g) two times feeding per day is not enough for an acceptable growth rate. In the two other groups with (initial weight 25 and 40 g) although by increasing the feeding frequency, some growth factors a little increase but these differences in 95% level (p≤0.05) are not significant. Therefore in rainbow trout culture with initial weight at least 25 g two times feeding per day was enough. The results of carcasses analysis of fish, showed that by increasing the feeding frequency there were no significantly difference at 95% level between the body compositions in all of treatments. With connivance of feeding frequencies, the best FCR was in the group with 10 g initial body weight and there was not any significant difference in SGR. So according to the results, it suggests that fish should be stocked with 10 g initial body weight. | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Published

International audience | This paper reports on the development of an approximate empirical-CFD modelling procedure combining experimental correlations for the heat and mass transfer coefficient determination and specific user-defined functions (UDF) implemented in the commercial CFD code Fluent to simulate the interrelationships at play between airflow and transfers of unwrapped food products bathing in air. Transfer modelling required specific calculation to account for water evaporation from the product surface. Mean transfer coefficients at the air-product interface were determined empirically from validated experimental correlations, where the CFD mean air velocity that is calculated in a small user-defined volume surrounding the product was incorporated. Internal water diffusion was taken into account by considering the product as a motionless fluid composed of dry matter and water. The procedure developed allows, in a single CFD calculation using a single mesh, temperature and water concentration fields to be computed and the water loss kinetics of the products to be determined together with the temperature and relative humidity fields of the air flowing around them. Although the established procedure was set up with the aim of assessing heat and water exchanges occurring in large stacks of unwrapped food products subjected to airflow, this last was validated for modelling, first, one-dimensional drying of a meat cylinder and second, three-dimensional drying of five cylindrical plaster casts placed in a row. Its application to the ripening of a row of six cheeses is also discussed.

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This paper reports on the development of an approximate empirical-CFD modelling procedure combining experimental correlations for the heat and mass transfer coefficient determination and specific user-defined functions (UDF) implemented in the commercial CFD code Fluent to simulate the interrelationships at play between airflow and transfers of unwrapped food products bathing in air. Transfer modelling required specific calculation to account for water evaporation from the product surface. Mean transfer coefficients at the air-product interface were determined empirically from validated experimental correlations, where the CFD mean air velocity that is calculated in a small user-defined volume surrounding the product was incorporated. Internal water diffusion was taken into account by considering the product as a motionless fluid composed of dry matter and water. The procedure developed allows, in a single CFD calculation using a single mesh, temperature and water concentration fields to be computed and the water loss kinetics of the products to be determined together with the temperature and relative humidity fields of the air flowing around them. Although the established procedure was set up with the aim of assessing heat and water exchanges occurring in large stacks of unwrapped food products subjected to airflow, this last was validated for modelling, first, one-dimensional drying of a meat cylinder and second, three-dimensional drying of five cylindrical plaster casts placed in a row. Its application to the ripening of a row of six cheeses is also discussed.

The knowledge and principles generated by CPWF-PN15 confirm that QSMAS can be a model production system for implementing conservation agriculture to achieve food security and sustainable development in drought-prone areas of hillsides in the sub-humid tropics, while providing ecosystem services in the face of land degradation and climate change. As an adoptable option to replace the slash and burn traditional system, QSMAS can improve smallholder livelihoods through eco-efficient use and conservation of natural resources. Participatory validation activities suggest that the conservation agriculture principles embedded in QSMAS can be readily accepted by resource- poor farmers and local authorities in similar agroecosystems.

β-N-Methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxin originally found in cycad seeds and now known to be produced by many species of freshwater and marine cyanobacteria. We developed a method for its determination in blue-green algae (BGA) food supplements, freshwater fish, and bottled water by using a strong cation-exchange, solid-phase extraction column for cleanup after 0.3 M trichloroacetic acid extraction of BGA supplements and fish. Bottled water was applied directly onto the solid-phase extraction column. For analysis of carbonated water, sonication and pH adjustment to 1.5 were needed. To determine protein-bound BMAA, the protein pellet left after extraction of the BGA supplement and fish was hydrolyzed by boiling with 6 M hydrochloric acid; BMAA was cleaned up on a C18 column and a strong cation-exchange, solid-phase extraction column. Determination of BMAA was by liquid chromatography of the fluorescent derivative formed with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. The method was validated by recovery experiments using spiking levels of 1.0 to 10 μg/g for BGA supplements, 0.5 to 5.0 μg/g for fish, and 0.002 μg/g for bottled water; mean recoveries were in the range of 67 to 89% for BGA supplements and fish, and 59 to 92% for bottled water. Recoveries of BMAA from spiked extracts of hydrolyzed protein from BGA supplements and fish ranged from 66 to 83%. The cleanup developed provides a useful method for surveying foods and supplements for BMAA and protein-bound BMAA.

This experiment objectified to evaluate the Saccharomyces cerevisiae as probiotic in rations for the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during sexual reversion period. Were distributed 320 larvae in a completely randomized design with two treatments and eight replications in 25 L aquarium. The treatments consisted of a commercial ration for tilapia during sexual reversion added 0.1% of S. cerevisiae (1010 S. cerevisiae CFU/g of product) and another one without the inclusion of the probiotic. Fingerlings had been counted, measured and weighed after 29 days, two fingerlings from each treatment, were randomized chosen and has their liver weighed for hepatic-somatic index determination. For microbiological studies, two samples of the water of the aquaria and one larvae of each aquarium had been carried through, in days 5 and 29 of the experiment. The number of total mesophilic bacterial did not present significant difference between the larvae of the first collection and nor between the water samples of the two carried through collections. For the second collection it had significantly higher difference in the counting for TP larvae. Any total coliforms appear in samples of water and larvae. The performance and survival were not influenced by the inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P&gt;0.05). Hepatic-somatic index had a significant difference (P&lt;0.01) between treatments, being smaller to the TP than TT. The inclusion of S. cerevisiae in feed of Nile tilapia, during the period of sexual reversion, promotes intestinal colonization and reduction in hepatic-somatic index.<br>Avaliou-se o fornecimento da Saccharomyces cerevisiae como probiótico em rações para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), durante o período de reversão sexual, criadas em água proveniente de tanque de cultivo. Foram distribuídas 320 larvas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e oito repetições em aquários de 25L. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de ração contendo 0,1% de S. cerevisiae (1010 Unidades Formadoras de Colônias S. cerevisiae /g de produto) e outra sem adição de probiótico. Ao final do experimento os alevinos foram contados, medidos e pesados. Dois alevinos de cada tratamento, escolhidos aleatoriamente, tiveram seus fígados pesados para análise do índice hepatossomático. Para a avaliação microbiológica foram realizadas duas coletas da água dos aquários e uma larva de cada aquário, no quinto e vigésimo nono dia do experimento. A contagem de mesófilos totais não apresentou diferença (P&gt;0,05) entre as duas coletas, contudo na segunda coleta houve número maior (P&lt;0,05) para as larvas do tratamento com probiótico. Constatou-se ausência de coliformes totais nas amostras de água e larvas coletadas durante o experimento. O desempenho e a sobrevivência não foram influenciados (P&gt;0,05) pelos tratamentos, já o índice hepatossomático foi menor (P&lt;0,01) nos alevinos alimentados com S. cerevisiae. A inclusão da levedura na alimentação da tilápia do Nilo, no período de reversão sexual, proporcionou a colonização intestinal e diminuição do índice hepatossomático.

Primary objective In a cross-over randomized pilot study, the relative absorption of vitamins C, B₆ and B₁₂ were tested using a commercial vitamin–water (VW) and a standardized mixed meal (MM). Methods and procedures Twelve adults (22.9±3.7 years), received the VW and the MM, randomly ordered, with a minimum 7-day washout period between. Blood was drawn pre-ingestion and over a post-ingestion period of 300+ min. Test meal quantities were formulated to contain equal amounts of vitamins B₆, B₁₂, and C as per the water label. Analysis revealed that a scaling factor had to be used to balance the actual content differences between test products. Main outcomes and results Using the adjusted numbers for actual water vitamin concentration, there were no differences in the maximum concentration and the 5-h area under the curve for vitamins B₆, B₁₂ or C between the VW and the MM. Conclusions VW was found to provide similar in vivo nutrition as the test MM at a caloric saving.