The antimicrobial effects of ozonated water in a recirculating concurrent reactor were evaluated against four gram-positive and four gram-negative bacteria, two yeasts, and spores of Aspergillus niger. More than 5 log units each of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli cells were killed instantaneously in ozonated water with or without addition of 20 ppm of soluble starch (SS). In ozonated water, death rates among the gram-negative bacteria--S. typhimurium, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Yersinia enterocolitica--were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Among gram-positive bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes was significantly (P < 0.05) more sensitive than either Staphylococcus aureus or Enterococcus faecalis. In the presence of organic material, death rates of S. aureus compared with L. monocytogenes and E. coli compared with S. typhimurium in ozonated water were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by SS addition but were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by addition of 20 ppm of bovine serum albumin (BSA). More than 4.5 log units each of Candida albicans and Zygosaccharomyces bailii cells were killed instantaneously in ozonated water, whereas less than 1 log unit of Aspergillus niger spores was killed after a 5-min exposure. The average ozone output levels in the deionized water (0.188 mg/ml) or water with SS (0.198 mg/ml) did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) but were significantly lower in water containing BSA (0.149 mg/ml).

The invention refers to the methods of obtaining food (i.e. drinking, table and mineral) water. It includes extraction of the natural water from a source, its filtration and continuous disinfection through the electrolysis of argentum. Prior to the disinfection water is divided into portions through filling up reactors. The water processed is periodically poured into a collector. A mathematical equation is developed for choosing the number of reactors. The method may be used in municipal management and agriculture for improvement of water and in Pharmaceutical industry and medicine for production of drugs and solutions

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of organochlorine insecticide residues were conducted in water, sediment, aquatic plants and animals from 3 freshwater reservoirs. Ninety water samples, 90 sediment samples, 397 aquatic plants samples and 121 aquatic animals samples were collected during March-April and August-September 1989. There were about 14 kinds of aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth, water lettuce, algae and water lilly etc. Aquatic animals are fish, shrimps and snails, but most of them are fish. They are striped snake-head fish, carp and catfish etc. Total samples of 698 were analyzed by using gas chromatographic techniques at Agricultural Toxic Substances Division. The results indicated that 5 kinds of insecticides were found in most samples. They were lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and derivatives. Dieldrin was detected at higher concentration and found in all samples. The residue level of dieldrin ranged from 0.01-0.12 ppb in water, 0.005-0.036 ppm in sediment, 0.001-0.138 ppm in aquatic plants and 0.001-0.037 ppm in aquatic animals respectively. The accumulation of dieldrin residue in water and aquatic plant samples from all reservoirs are not different but the level of dieldrin residue in sediment samples from Bueng Boraphed is higher than the other 2 reservoris. However the levels of dieldrin residue in sediment, aquatic plant and aquatic animal samples higher than those in water samples respectively.

Se elaboran unas lineas directrices, basadas en la experiencia de un grupo de laboratorios, para la preparacion a la acreditacion en microbiologia de aguas y alimentos. Se controlan principalmente tres flujos: personas, muestras y material, implantando las BPL a fin de tener una trazabilidad de todo lo que se elabora en un laboratorio para conseguir una fiabilidad y comparabilidad en los analisis y resultados.

The production of protein hydrolysate from shrimp cooking water using enzyme Neutrase 0.5L was studied. Variations of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions consisted of enzyme concentration at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 % V/V; pH 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5; temperature 50, 55 and 60 deg C; and the hydrolysing time; 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minute. The optimum condition for production of hydrolysate which gave the maximum amino acid nitrogen at 3.50 mg N/ml were 0.5 % Neutrase, pH 6.5, 50 deg C and 30 minute. The hydrolysate was dried by freeze-drying. The dried product had dark brown color with considerable shrimp flavor and absorbed moisture quite readily. The product contained 3.80 % moisture, 51.89 % protein, 6.57 % fat, 24.76 % ash and 12.99 % carbohydrate. Sensory evaluation on the color and shrimp odor of dried product comparing to the freeze dried unhydrolysed cooking water product showed that the freeze-dried hydrolysate obtained higher scores in color and odor. However, sensory evaluation of the products after dissolving in water revealed that neither the hydrolysated nor unhydrolysed products had the significant differences in color, shrimp odor, sweet taste, bitter taste and overall flavor.

Beragam komoditas pangan dapat dikembangkan di lahan pasang surut, namun yang sangat menonjol adalah tanaman pangan berupa padi dan palawija. Dalam perkembangannya pengelolaan air merupakan kunci yang sangat menentukan dalam peningkatan produktivitas lahan dan intensitas tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengelolaan air, pelumpuran dan pemberian kapur dapat meningkatkan hasil padi dari 1,26 t GKG/ha pada tahun pertama pembukaan menjadi 4,03 t/ha setelah pengusahaan tiga tahun dengan penerapan pengelolaan air yang diperbaiki dengan sistem irigasi, drainase dan intersepsi (one flow system) secara berkesinambungan dalam tiga musim tanam. Pelumpuran pada MT I menurunkan hasil padi, tetapi pada MT selanjutnya pelumpuran dapat meningkatkan hasil antara 17-32 persen dibandingkan dengan MT I. Pergiliran tanaman dengan palawija memberikan hasil yang cukup baik, terutama dengan kedelai. Jumlah pemberian kapur cukup berpengaruh terhadap tingkat hasil yang diperoleh baik pada tanam 1 (padi) maupun tanam ke-2 (kedelai dan kacang tanah). Hasil padi dan palawija terbaik yang dicapai 2,73 t gabah kering giling (GKG), 2,03 t biji kering kacang tanah, dan 1,54 t biji kering kedelai. Residu 4 t kapur/ha (L3) yang diberikan pada musim tanam ke-1 dan ke-2 dapat memberikan peningkatan hasil padi sebesar 85 persen dan hasil kedelai sekitar 4 kali lipat. Pengolahan tanah dapat meningkatkan secara nyata baik hasil padi pada tanaman 1 dan palawija (kacang tanah dan kedelai) pada tanam 2. Pada lahan pasang surut tipe B, dengan sistem drainase dangkal dimungkinkan untuk tanam palawija dalam 2-3 kali setahun. Kapur dan pemupukan berpengaruh cukup besar terhadap hasil palawija. Hasil terbaik palawija yang dicapai masing-masing 4,41 t pipilan kering jagung, 3,52 t biji kering kacang tanah, dan 2,2 t biji kering kedelai per ha

In order to provide information on the state of hydration of broilers during marketing, 7-week-old Ross broilers of mixed sex were kept at 17 or 23 degrees C and deprived of food, or food and water, for 24 h. Measurements were made of live weight, carcass weight, muscle moisture, packed cell volume, plasma glucose, corticosterone, total protein, osmolality and sodium. There was a decrease in live weight, carcass weight, plasma glucose and plasma total protein, and an increase in packed cell volume and corticosterone, in birds deprived of food, or food and water. Muscle moisture increased in birds deprived of food and decreased in birds deprived of food and water. Osmolality decreased in birds deprived of food, the decrease being greater in birds at 23 degrees C. Plasma sodium levels were higher in birds kept at 23 degrees C and increased only in birds deprived of food and water at 23 degrees C.