Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.), which is considered an alternative source of vegetable protein, is grown particularly under rainfed conditions. Therefore, it is important to look for better management practices that lead to a more efficient use of resources, such as water and essential nutriments, to obtain higher yields. The aim of this work was to determine the influence of nitrogen and plant density on phenology, nitrogen and water use efficiency (WUE), biomass production, and seed yield of amaranth planted on June 11, 1999, with 0, 10, and 20 g m(-2) N and 12.5, 25.0, and 33.3 plants m(-2). With the application of N and with a higher plant density (PD), the efficiency in water use and in N was greater, and in consequence, biomass production and yield increased as well. These increments were higher with higher N level and higher DP. In this way, with 20 g N m(-2) and 33.3 plant m(-2) a biomass production of 2827 g m(-2) and seed yield of 346 g m(-2) were obtained. Phenology was not affected by the treatments. The requirement of sowing heat units to physiological maturity was 1629 UC and 385 mm of water used in evapotranspiration.