3 páginas, 1 tabla.-- Trabajo presentado a las XV Jornadas sobre Producción Animal AIDA (Zaragoza, 14 al 15 de mayo, 2013). | The effects of alkaline (Catolyte, pH 11,5) and slightly acidic (Anolyte, pH 7,0) electrolyzed water substituting 25 or 50% of distilled water in the culture medium for in vitro gas production technique were evaluated when using inocula from fistulated ewes fed on alfalfa hay., Two diets (alfalfa and concentrate) were incubated., When alfalfa was used as substrate, gas and AGV production and butyrate proportion decreased (P<0.,001) and acetate proportion increased (P<0.,001). Anolyte at 25 or 50% rates and Catolyte at 50% rate decreased gas production., Anolyte at 50% rate also decreased final pH, Volatile fatty acids production was not affected, but acetate proportion increased and butyrate proportion decreased when either Anolyte or Catolyte were used at 50% rate (P<0.,05)., Using high doses of electrolyzed water affects ruminal fermentation in vitro by reducing gas production and increasing acetate proportion. Anolyte tends to reduce ruminal pH. | Proyecto financiado por el Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, Junta de Castilla y León) (Proyecto 2010- 1284) y Fondos FEDER. | Peer reviewed

Para avaliar o efeito da utilizacao dos rejeitos na irrigacao da erva sal (Atriplex nummularia Lind.), sobre a producao e a composicao quimica bromatologica, mudas de Atriplex, num total de 192 plantas, foram transplantados em espacamento de 3m x 3m. Durante o periodo experimental cada planta recebeu 48 irrigacoes, sendo em cada, aplicados 75 litros de agua por planta, totalizando 3.600 litros. A producao estimada para um hectare de erva sal, cortada entre 50 a 70 cm de altura do solo foi obtida por pesagem de 92 plantas. Doze plantas foram reservadas e separadas quanto a folhas, caules finos, caules grossos e material lenhoso, nos quais foram determinados os teores dos nutrientes em laboratori. Para as condicoes deste experimento, pode-se concluir que a erva sal apresentou boa produtividade e composicao quimica, indicando que a mesma pode ser mais uma nova opcao forrageira para a regiao semi-arida do Nordeste.

ABSTRACT Drylands are of high ecological vulnerability due to low vegetative cover and erratic and torrential rainfalls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of different sources and rates of soil moisture retainers in the establishment of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L) in a micro watershade system of rainwater. A randomized block design with three replications was used. Four hydrogel doses: 0, 5, 10 and 15 kg ha-1 and two vermicompost doses: 0 and 40 t ha-1, were tested. The dose effect of the hydrogel was independent of vermicompost dose effect, on soil moisture retention and the growth and development of the plant. The soil moisture values when 5, 10 and 15 kg hydrogel ha-1 were applied (25, 23.2 and 23.4 %, respectively) were higher (P≤0.05), than the control (17.5 %) 241 d after sowing (das). However, there were not statistical differences among doses of hydrogel other than the control. A similar effect was found at 346 das; but not to 372 das, where the effect was lost. Plant emergency was significantly higher (47.7 %) when 15 kg ha-1 of hydrogel were applied, compared to the control (29 %) (P≤0.05). Plant height and weight of dry matter and a higher photosynthetic activity were significantly greater in treatments with hydrogel than in the control; there were not statistical differences among doses. Finally, the application of 40 t ha-1 vermicompost significantly increased the moisture content in the soil and a higher amount of buffel grass dry matter. | RESUMEN Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de diferentes fuentes y dosis de retenedores de humedad edáfica, en el establecimiento de pasto buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L) en un sistema de microcuencas captadoras de agua de lluvia. Se evaluaron cuatro dosis de hidrogel: 0, 5, 10 y 15 kg ha-1 y dos dosis de vermicoposta: 0 y 40 t ha-1. El efecto de la dosis de hidrogel fue independiente del efecto de la dosis de vermicomposta, respecto a la retención de humedad en el suelo y el crecimiento y desarrollo de la planta. A los 241 días después de la siembra (dds), el contenido de humedad edáfica fue mayor (P≤0.05) cuando se aplicaron 5, 10, y 15 kg ha-1, con valores de 25, 23.2 y 23.4 %, respectivamente, sin diferencia estadística entre dosis, pero sí con el testigo (17.5 %). A los 346 dds, se observó un efecto similar, el cual se pierde a los 372 dds; en tanto que la emergencia de plántulas fue significativamente mayor (47.7 %) cuando se aplicaron 15 kg ha-1 de hidrogel, respecto al testigo (29 %) (P≤0.05). La altura de planta y el peso de materia seca, así como la actividad fotosintética, fueron significativamente mayores al testigo, cuando se aplicó el hidrogel en cualquiera de las dosis. Finalmente, la aplicación de 40 t ha-1 de vermicomposta, incrementó significativamente el contenido de humedad en el suelo y produjo una mayor cantidad de materia seca de pasto buffel.

Con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos en la productividad de la alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) al suspender el riego durante el verano, se estableció este estudio en terrenos del campo experimental La Laguna del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP). Se aplicaron 11 tratamientos que consistieron en suspender el riego durante el verano (período de julio a septiembre) por uno, dos y tres crecimientos a partir del primer y segundo año. En general, la alfalfa no se vio afectada por este manejo drástico. Los mejores tratamientos con suspensión de riegos fueron el de suspender el riego durante agosto y septiembre en el segundo año y una suspensión durante julio en el año del establecimiento. Los tratamientos con suspensión de riegos mostraron una mayor densidad de tallos que el testigo en el momento de reanudar el riego. Los tratamientos anteriores, en comparación con el testigo redujeron la producción en 1 y 2% en 28 y 29 cortes, respectivamente (testigo 68.8 Mg ha-1 de forraje seco, con 32 cortes); pero se les aplicó 13 y 9% menos agua que al testigo, 583.16 cm en tres años, incrementándose la eficiencia de transformación en la misma proporción, de 1.18 a 1.34 kg forraje seco m-3 de agua aplicada. La suspensión de riegos en el verano no afecta ni a la producción de la alfalfa, ni a la longevidad de ésta, pero sí mejora la eficiencia global de producción. | With the objective of evaluating the effect on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production using water-limiting irrigation during the summer a study was established in the La Laguna research station of the 'Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias' (INIFAP). Eleven treatments were evaluated with no irrigation during summer (July-September) by one, two or three growths starting in the first and the second year. In general, alfalfa was not affected by this extreme water management. The best treatments with water-limiting irrigation during August and September were those in the second year and during July in the planting year. The treatments in which irrigation was suspended showed higher stem density than the control when irrigation was resumed; however, their dry forage yield in 28 and 29 harvests was 1 and 2% lower than the control (68.8 Mg ha-1 in 32 harvests). A total irrigation of 583.16 cm was applied to the control, while the two previous treatments received 13 and 9% less water, increasing the dry matter production efficiency from 1.18 to 1.34 kg dry forage m-3 water applied. Withholding irrigation during the summer did not affect alfalfa production nor stand longevity, but it did increase the global efficiency of dry matter production.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of the varieties of Lluteño maize (local variety) and a commercial corn toproduce hydroponic fodder system(HFS), using water to irrigate different concentrations of salinity, extracted from the low, middle sectors and height of the Lluta valley and a section of the Azapa valley, with electrical conductivities of3.16, 2.82, 1.96 and 0.80 mS / cm respectively, in addition, determine the amount of water used by the unit of forage produced (kg of MS per m3 of water), in order to evaluate the efficient use of this resource in the production of green hydroponic forage, as well as, the effect of the salts on the final yield. The results indicate that the maize type factor acted independently of the water type factor, thus, Lluteño hydroponic green forage obtained better results in terms of yield and nutritional quality compared to commercial corn HFS, Not so in the parameter of metabolizable energy (ME) where commercial corn was slightly higher than local corn. The salinity affected only the performance parameters, where the treatments irrigated with water with EC between 0.8 and 2.82 mS /cm had similarity between their averages, on the contrary, the HFS irrigated with EC of 3.16 mS / cmpresented significant differences with respect to the rest. The water resource consumption was between 24 and 90.5 kg of DMper m3. The T5 reached the highest averages in the following parameters evaluated: plant height (25.8 cm); percentage of dry matter (18.2); dry matterper kilogramper square meter (6.4); Crude protein (15.38%); Efficient use of wáter (90.5 kg / m3). | Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el rendimiento de las variedades de maíz lluteño (variedad local) y un maíz comercial para producir forraje verde hidropónico (FVH), utilizando agua para el riego de distintas concentraciones de salinidad, extraídas de los sectores bajo, medio y alto del valle de Lluta y de un tramo del valle de Azapa, con conductividades eléctricas de 3,16; 2,82; 1,96 y 0,80 mS/cm respectivamente. Además se buscó determinar la cantidad de agua utilizada por la unidad de forraje producido (kg de MS por m3 de agua), con la finalidad de evaluar el uso eficiente de este recurso en la producción de forraje verde hidropónico, así como el efecto de las sales en el rendimiento final. Los resultados indican que el factor tipo de maíz actuó en forma indepen diente respecto del factor tipo de agua. De esta manera, el forraje verde hidropónico de maíz lluteño obtuvo mejores resultados en cuanto a rendimiento y calidad nutricional en comparación con el FVH de maíz comercial. No fue así en el parámetro de energía metabolizable (EM), donde el maíz comercial fue levemente superior al maíz local. La salinidad afectó solo los parámetros de rendimiento, donde los tratamientos regados con agua de CE entre 0,8 y 2,82 mS/cm tuvieron similitud entre sus promedios. Por el contrario, el FVH regado con CE de 3,16 mS/cm presentó diferencias significativas respecto del resto. El consumo del recurso agua fue de 24 a 90,5 kg de MS por m3. El T5 (maíz lluteño, con agua CE 2,82 mS/cm) alcanzó los mayores promedios en los siguientes parámetros evaluados: altura de planta (25,8 cm); porcentaje de materia seca (18,2%); materia seca por kilogramo por metro cuadrado (6,4); proteína cruda (15,38%); y uso eficiente del agua (90,5 kg/m3).

The implementation of a geographic information system (GIS)/fuzzy spatial decision support system in the selection of sites for drinking-water pumping boreholes is described. Groundwater is the main source of domestic supply and irrigation in Korinthia prefecture, south-eastern Greece. Water demand has increased considerably over the last 30 years and is mainly met by groundwater abstracted via numerous wells and boreholes. The definition of the most “suitable” site for the drilling of new boreholes is a major issue in this area. A method of allocating suitable locations has been developed based on multicriteria analysis and fuzzy logic. Twelve parameters were finally involved in the model, prearranged into three categories: borehole yield, groundwater quality, and economic and technical constraints. GIS was used to create a classification map of the research area, based on the suitability of each point for the placement of new borehole fields. The coastal part of the study area is completely unsuitable, whereas high values of suitability are recorded in the south-western part. The study demonstrated that the method of multicriteria analysis in combination with fuzzy logic is a useful tool for selecting the best sites for new borehole drilling on a regional scale. The results could be used by local authorities and decision-makers for integrated groundwater resources management.

In southern Iran’s Gareh Bygone Plain, water-supply qanats in four mixed farming communities were desiccated by over-pumping of illegal dug wells throughout the area. Emergency situations developed, resulting in city-ward migration. Since 1983, 193 million m³ of water has been supplied to those communities by floodwater spreading (FWS) to facilitate spate irrigation of sandy rangeland (2,034 ha) and artificial recharge of groundwater (ARG), of which 76 % has recharged the aquifer. This resulted in a reverse migration of the population. The irrigated area in the 2010–2011 growing season increased 13.2 fold when compared to the pre-FWS period, and year-round forage for about 700 sheep has been provided since 1991. The ARG is a logical alternative to building large dams in Iran; 420,000 km² of coarse-grained alluvium provides capacity to store 5,000 km³ of water, representing more than ten times the annual precipitation of the whole country. As the equivalent cost for building dams to accommodate that volume is estimated at US$12.5 × 10¹², the potential value of the alluvium may be realized. ARG on the recharge areas of 33,000 of the desiccated qanats eventually could rejuvenate them. As agricultural commodities absorb 19 % of the monetary value of Iran’s imports, and ARG activities could supply the water to produce them, alluvium is even more valuable than oil, which provides foreign exchange. More importantly, ARG on 140,000 km² of the alluvium could strengthen the capacity to adapt to droughts and reduce the number and impact of water-related emergency situations.