Water quality monitoring is used to determine the impact of human activities on the environment. We evaluated water quality in the Água Boa stream, located within the municipality of Dourados, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, by analyzing physico-chemical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, as well as chlorophyll concentrations. Five sets of water samples were collected between December 2012 and November 2013 from three locations within the stream. The results showed the presence of Escherichia coli and antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas spp. strains and high concentrations of organic matter (total dissolved solids), inorganic species (Mg, Ca, and Fe), and agrochemical residues (thiamethoxam). The main stream water contaminants are derived from urban, industrial, and agricultural activities within the watershed. Given the presence of contaminants, it is important that such findings are disseminated in order to highlight the risks that contact with this water may pose to human health. To preserve the environment and improve site conditions, people would need to participate by demanding that normative national and international standards be respected and that the situation be supervised by the competent governmental agencies; this would make it possible to reverse or minimize contamination problems within the Água Boa stream.

17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), an endocrine disruptor (ED) excreted by women and is found in contraceptive and hormone replacement pills used at menopause. An increase in EDs requires alternative means of water and sewage treatment, since these compounds threaten human health and the environment, even at trace levels. Phytotechnology stands out from other processes because it is sustainable, given that plants are used to recover the contaminated environment. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate rice grass performance in the removal of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and determine the effect of this hormone on the root anatomy and chlorophyll content of the species. A completely randomized design was used with 4 replications: EE2 concentration composed of 4 study treatments (420, 300, 180 and 60 μg L-1 EE2) and 2 control treatments (positive and negative). The effect of the treatments was evaluated over time (1, 7 and 15 days). EE2 removal from the solution was analyzed by HPLC. Chlorophyll was analyzed by UVvis spectrophotometry, showing that EE2 does not interfere with the photosynthetic activity of rice grass. Aerenchyma was analyzed by microphotographs of root sections, revealing a higher proportion in plants exposed to the hormone, indicating morpho-anatomical adaptations to survive in this medium. Thus, it can be concluded that rice grass has significant phytoremediation potential after 7 days’ exposure, surviving and adapting to the contaminated environment, and can be used to complement water and sewage treatments. = O 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) é um interferente endócrino (IE) liberado pelo organismo feminino e encontrado em remédios contraceptivos e de reposição hormonal na menopausa. A ascensão dos IEs requer meios alternativos de tratamento de água e esgoto, pois esses compostos ameaçam a saúde humana e o meio ambiente, mesmo em nível traço. A fitotecnologia vem se distinguindo dos demais processos por ser sustentável, tendo em vista que a recuperação do meio contaminado é feita através de plantas. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o capim arroz na remoção do 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2), bem como verificar o efeito desse hormônio na anatomia radicular e no teor de clorofila dessa espécie. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram das concentrações de EE2 (420, 300, 180 e 60 μg L-1), mais dois controles (positivo e negativo). O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado no tempo, sendo: 1, 7 e 15 dias (tempo de remediação). A análise da remoção do EE2 da solução foi feita por HPLC. A análise da clorofila foi feita por espectrofotômetro UV-vis e mostrou que o EE2 não interfere na atividade fotossintética de capim arroz. A análise dos aerênquimas foi executada por microfotografias de secções das raízes, revelando maior proporção de aerênquimas nas plantas que tiveram contato com o hormônio, indicando adaptações morfoanatômicas para sobreviverem nesse meio. Sendo assim, a espécie tem alto potencial fitorremediador com 7 dias de exposição, sobrevivendo e se adaptando no ambiente contaminado, podendo ser empregada como complemento em tratamentos de água e esgoto.

The environmental degradation arising from contaminants of emerging concern, especially endocrine disruptors, is a safety and sustainability problem affecting drinking water treatment and supply systems. One of the most important effects of endocrine disruptors is estrogenic activity, caused by compounds capable of imitating the activity of the natural female hormone 17β-estradiol (E2). This work aimed to analyze human health risks (non-carcinogenic) and the risk of estrogenic activity (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) resulting from contamination by estrogenic compounds via the consumption of human water supply. For this, a database was constructed with the concentration of the compounds, quantified in real environmental samples of human water supply systems collected in some countries through a systematic review of the literature, using StArt as an aid tool. Among the 398 scientific papers identified in the databases Web of Science® , SCOPUS® and PubMED® , 130 presented concentrations of estrogenic compounds in samples of human water supply system, and it was possible to extract the concentration of 24 papers, which attended to the eligibility criteria. Sixteen compounds were selected for risk analysis: E2, 17-ethinylestradiol, estrone, atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, caffeine, carbamazepine, triclosan, bisphenol A, nonylphenol, octylphenol, tolyltriazole, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate. Human health risk was classified as high for 17-ethinylestradiol and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, medium for dibutyl phthalate, low for bisphenol A and insignificant for the other compounds. For the same concentrations, the risk of estrogenic activity was classified as low only for the compound di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and insignificant for the other compounds. For none of the studies, the carcinogenic risk was not unacceptable. Risk analysis indicated that the risk of estrogenic activity was lower than the risk of the compound for most compounds, except for estrone and triclosan. Overall, the study identified that the calculated risks were insignificant for most compounds in the countries considered in the review. However, with regard to estrogenic activity, it is important to calculate and evaluate the risk of estrogenic activity considering the mixture since the presence of more than one compound can change the actual risk. | CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) | A degradação ambiental oriunda dos contaminantes de preocupação emergente, sobretudo dos desreguladores endócrinos, refere-se a um problema de segurança e sustentabilidade que atinge os sistemas de tratamento e distribuição de água para abastecimento humano. Um dos efeitos de maior preocupação dos desreguladores endócrinos é a atividade estrogênica, provocada por compostos capazes de imitar a atividade do hormônio natural feminino 17β estradiol (E2). O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a análise de risco à saúde humana (não carcinogênico) e da atividade estrogênica (não carcinogênico e carcinogênico) provenientes da contaminação por compostos estrogênicos, via consumo da água de abastecimento humano. Para isso, foi construído um banco de dados das concentrações dos compostos quantificados em amostras ambientais reais de água de abastecimento humano coletadas em alguns países, através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, com auxílio da ferramenta StArt. Dentre os 398 artigos científicos identificados nas bases de dados Web of Science®, SCOPUS® e PubMED®, 130 quantificaram compostos estrogênicos em água de abastecimento humano e 24 foram aptos para extração das concentrações, atendendo aos critérios de elegibilidade. Foram selecionados 16 compostos para a análise de risco, E2, 17- etinilestradiol, estrona, atrazina, simazina, terbutilazina, cafeína, carbamazepina, triclosan, bisfenol A, nonilfenol, octilfenol, toliltriazol, di(2-etilhexil) ftalato, dibutil ftalato e ftalato de dietila. O risco à saúde humana foi classificado como alto para os compostos 17- etinilestradiol e di (2-etilhexil) ftalato, médio para dibutil ftalato, baixo para bisfenol A e insignificante para os demais compostos. Para as mesmas concentrações o risco da atividade estrogênica foi classificado como baixo apenas para o composto di(2-etilhexil) ftalato e insignificante para os demais compostos. Para nenhum dos estudos avaliados o risco carcinogênico foi inaceitável. A análise de risco indicou que o risco da atividade estrogênica foi inferior ao risco dos compostos, exceto para estrona e triclosan. De modo geral, o estudo identificou que os riscos calculados foram insignificantes para a maioria dos compostos nos países considerados. No entanto, no que diz respeito à atividade estrogênica, é importante calcular e avaliar o risco da atividade estrogênica considerando a mistura, uma vez que a presença de mais de um composto na amostra pode alterar o risco real.

En Colombia, el agua puede ser embotellada con tratamientos adicionados, debido a esto el número de empresas de embotellamiento de agua prolifera en todo el país para responder a un crecimiento del 12% anual del consumo de este producto. Los consumidores consideran que esta es una alternativa segura y saludable, pero la pregunta radica en, es realmente una opción inteligente. El agua embotellada en plástico puede contener componentes tóxicos del envase, elementos químicos del tratamiento e incluso tener mala calidad o calidad cuestionable. Igualmente puede afectar la salud de las familias y comunidades que seleccionan esta opción. Varios estudios han demostrado que los compuestos sintéticos, las fibras plásticas e incluso los lubricantes industriales que se encuentran en el agua embotellada son potenciadores de varios problemas de la salud, como el cáncer y cambios en el sistema reproductivo e inmune. Además, la ley colombiana no obliga los productores de agua a divulgar la composición química y los métodos de tratamiento adoptados en el agua vendida en botellas (sobre todo en el agua potable tratada), por eso las familias están lejos de saber lo que están comprando. A nivel global el agua embotellada, es un conjunto de preocupaciones sociales que nos demuestra: la falta de credibilidad en nuestro sistema público de agua, nuestra susceptibilidad a la publicidad y la comercialización, las desigualdades en el acceso al agua potable en todo el mundo y la falta de preocupación por el ambiente y respeto por el bien común: del agua y nuestro planeta. | Especialista en Salud Familiar y Comunitaria | Especialización | In Colombia, water can be bottled with added treatments, due to this the number of water bottling companies proliferates throughout the country to respond to a 12% annual growth in consumption of this product. Consumers consider this to be a safe and healthy alternative, but the question is, is it really a smart choice? Plastic bottled water may contain toxic components of the container, chemical elements of the treatment and even have poor quality or questionable quality. It can also affect the health of the families and communities that select this option. Several studies have shown that the synthetic compounds, plastic fibers, and even industrial lubricants found in bottled water are enhancers of various health problems, such as cancer and changes in the reproductive and immune system. In addition, Colombian law does not oblige water producers to disclose the chemical composition and treatment methods adopted in water sold in bottles (especially in treated drinking water), so families are far from knowing what they are buying. . Globally, bottled water is a set of social concerns that shows us: the lack of credibility in our public water system, our susceptibility to advertising and marketing, inequalities in access to drinking water around the world and the lack of concern for the environment and respect for the common good: of water and our planet.

The evaluation of the quality of the water used for irrigation in agriculture is of great importance for the environmentand human health. The continuous use of contaminated water causes pollution to soil and cultivated crops, causing variousdiseases associated with consumption of contaminated vegetables. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the qualityof irrigation water of three water bodies: artesian wells, cacimbas (kind of graves that collect water from swampy lands) andstreams, used in the Nova Esperança Agricultural Community, located between a peripheral urban area and a native forestin Manaus - AM. Potentially toxic metals (PTM): Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, Mn and Zn were evaluated using atomic absorptionspectrometry by flame and bacteriological analyses (total and faecal coliforms) by filter membrane method. The results showedhigh levels of total and faecal coliforms, 89,3% in water samples collected in the three water bodies, as well as high levels of TPM, especially Cd and Pb extremely toxic. Statistical tests showed the influence of the seasonal period on the average concentrations of the PTM and there is not meaning difference of these contaminants on the different water bodies during the period of this study. = A avaliação da qualidade da água utilizada para a irrigação no meio agrícola é relevante tanto para o meio ambiente, quanto para a saúde humana. O uso contínuo de água contaminada acarreta poluição ao solo e às culturas cultivadas, transmitindo doenças por meio do consumo de hortaliças contaminadas. Desse modo, objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a qualidade da água de irrigação de três corpos hídricos: poço, cacimba e igarapé, utilizada na Comunidade Agrícola Nova Esperança, localizada entre uma área urbana periférica e uma floresta nativa na cidade de Manaus – AM. Foram avaliados os metaispotencialmente tóxicos (MPT): Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb e Zn, utilizando espectrometria de absorção atômica por chama e medidas bacteriológicas (coliformes totais e fecais) pelo método de membrana filtrante. Os resultados indicam altos índices de coliformes totais e fecais, 89,3% nas amostras de água coletadas nos três corpos hídricos: poço, cacimba e igarapé da área de estudo, assim como elevados níveis de MPT, com destaque para Cd e Pb extremamente tóxicos. Os testes estatísticos mostraram que há influência do período sazonal sobre as concentrações médias dos MPT e que não existem diferenças significativas destes contaminantes, entre os diferentes corpos hídricos, durante todo o período estudado.

Agroecol 2016. 1 CD-ROM. Cadernos de Agroecologia, v. 11, n. 2, 2016. | Embora com baixa aptidão para a agricultura e pouca disponibilidade hídrica, na borda Oeste do Pantanal, nos municípios de Corumbá e Ladário, foram estabelecidos assentamentos rurais, onde a falta de água representa uma das principais limitações à produção de alimentos, e até à dessedentação, tanto para humanos, como para animais domésticos vem do lençol freático, por poços perfurados em rochas calcárias, o que confere à água característica ?salobra?. Neste estudo caracterizamos a química da água disponível para uso doméstico no assentamento 72, em Ladário, MS, visando dar informação à população sobre qual o tipo de água disponível e os riscos que o seu consumo apresenta à saúde. A água de 17 postos, coletada no próprio poço ou em torneira próxima, foi coletada e analisada para as seguintes variáveis: condutividade elétrica, pH, dureza, Cálcio, Magnésio, Sódio, Potássio, Cloreto, Sulfato, Nitrato, Nitrito. A maioria das águas disponíveis para uso das comunidades no assentamento 72 apresentam restrições ao seu uso devido ao elevado teor de cálcio, magnésio e/ou nitrato.

Abstract: Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed during dry and rainy season to verify the water quality of the lower Papagayo river basin and its tributaries. The analyzed parameters were compared with the Ecological Water Quality Criteria and Mexican Official Standards. Some values of the physico-chemical and microbiological analyses were outside of the maximum permissible levels in the rainy season (fecal coliforms, sedimentary solids, total suspended solids and turbidity), and which were significantly different with respect to dry season, whose values of the total hardness and dissolved oxygen increased in some sampling sites during this season. Metal concentrations showed values according to the official regulations, as well as the fats and oils. Physico-chemical and water quality of the Papagayo river basin show that Omitlán river was the station with the highest contamination level. Despite the considerable contributions of pollutants into the principal stream of the Papagayo river, in the two sampling stations located in the lower portion of the basin, termed Bellavista Papagayo and Lomas de Chapultepec, it is appreciated that the river has a good capacity of autopurification, even when in these localities there is an important contribution of pollutants. Based on the results obtained and the application of those rules, it was determined that the water in the downstream basin of the Papagayo river should not be used directly as a source of drinking water for the population centers. This is because they contain dangerous pollutants that cause adverse effects to humans. | Resumen: Se realizaron análisis físico-químicos y microbiológicos durante la temporada de secas y lluvias para conocer la calidad del agua de la cuenca baja del río Papagayo y sus afluentes. Los parámetros analizados se compararon con los criterios ecológicos de calidad del agua y las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas. Algunos valores de los análisis físico-químicos y microbiológicos se encuentran fuera de los límites máximos permisibles en la época de lluvias (coliformes fecales, sólidos sedimentables, sólidos suspendidos totales y turbiedad), los cuales difieren de forma significativa con respecto a la época de secas, la dureza total y el oxígeno disuelto aumentaron en algunos sitios de mu est reo. La concentración de metales, grasas y aceites presenta valores permitidos en las normas oficiales. La calidad fisicoquímica y microbiològica del agua de la cuenca del río Papagayo muestra que la estación con mayor grado de contaminación es la del río Omitlán. A pesar de los aportes considerables de materia contaminante al cauce principal del río Papagayo, en las estaciones de mu est reo Bellavista Papagayo y Lomas de Chapultepec, se aprecia que tiene capacidad de autopurificación, aun cuando en dichos puntos hay contribuciones importantes de contaminantes. Los resultados revelan que la cuenca baja del río Papagayo presenta contaminantes que causan efectos nocivos al ser humano, como la mayoría de los ríos en México, no puede considerarse como fuente de abastecimiento de agua potable.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is composed of a diverse array of compounds, predominantly humic substances, and is a near ubiquitous component of natural groundwater, notwithstanding climatic extremes such as arid and hyper-arid settings. Despite being a frequently measured parameter of groundwater quality, the complexity of DOC composition and reaction behaviour means that links between concentration and human health risk are difficult to quantify and few examples are reported in the literature. Measured concentrations from natural/unpolluted groundwater are typically below 4 mg C/l, whilst concentrations above these levels generally indicate anthropogenic influences and/or contamination issues and can potentially compromise water safety. Treatment processes are effective at reducing DOC concentrations, but refractory humic substance reaction with chlorine during the disinfection process produces suspected carcinogenic disinfectant by-products (DBPs). However, despite engineered artificial recharge systems being commonly used to remove DOC from recycled treated wastewaters, little research has been conducted on the presence of DBPs in potable groundwater systems. In recent years, the capacity to measure the influence of organic matter on colloidal contaminants and its influence on the mobility of pathogenic microorganisms has aided understanding of transport processes in aquifers. Additionally, advances in polymerase chain reaction techniques used for the detection, identification, and quantification of waterborne pathogens, provide a method to confidently investigate the behaviour of DOC and its effect on contaminant transfer in aquifers. This paper provides a summary of DOC occurrence in groundwater bodies and associated issues capable of indirectly affecting human health.

Una de las más grandes preocupaciones de la sociedad actual es la calidad del agua en sus diferentes formas (aguas residuales, agua potable, cuerpos de agua), junto con el tratamiento que se les debería de dar. Pero algo poco tomado en cuenta es la presencia de contaminantes emergentes farmacéuticos en cuerpos de agua, más específicamente antibióticos, lo cuales pueden llevar a impactos ambientales negativos graves, desde provocar enfermedades no curables en fauna, hasta poder tener los mismos efectos en la salud humana. Para evitar esto se presenta el proceso electroquímico de Oxidación Electroquímica o Electrooxidación (EO) el cual, según múltiples estudios, puede degradar hasta en un 100% este tipo de fármacos, en aguas residuales, disminuyendo su concentración aguas abajo. | 787 / 5000 Resultados de traducción One of the greatest concerns of today's society is the quality of water in its different forms (wastewater, drinking water, bodies of water), along with the treatment that should be given to them. But something little taken into account is the presence of emerging pharmaceutical pollutants in water bodies, more specifically antibiotics, which can lead to serious negative environmental impacts, from causing non-curable diseases in fauna, to being able to have the same effects on human health. To avoid this, the electrochemical process of Electrochemical Oxidation or Electrooxidation (EO) is presented, which, according to multiple studies, can degrade this type of drug by up to 100% in wastewater, reducing its concentration downstream. | Ingeniero Ambiental | http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co | Pregrado