Objective. To measure the in vitro fermentation variables of a cellulolytic bacteria consortium (CBC) isolated from a water buffalo rumen in coculture with total ruminal bacteria (TRB) on two fibrous substrates. Materials and Methods. A CBC was isolated from the ruminal fluid of a female water buffalo in selective cellulolytic media. The experimental design was completely random with a 3x2 factorial arrangement; factors were treatments [TRB, CBC, and coculture (TRB + CBC)] and substrates (cobra grass and corn stover). Total gas and methane (CH4) production were measured at different time intervals. At 72 h, measurements were taken of pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), dry matter degradation (DMD), neutral detergent fiber degradation (NDFD) and total bacteria population. Results. Gas production with both substrates was highest (p≤0.05) in the coculture at 3, 6 and 24 h. At 48 and 72 h, gas production in the cobra grass was highest (p≤0.05) in the coculture. The coculture and TRB did not differ (p>0.05) in terms of CH4, DMD and NDFD values at 48 and 72 h. With the cobra grass, NH3-N concentration was higher (p≤0.05) in the coculture than in the TRB. Conclusion. The gas production and dry matter degradation values of the water buffalo rumen cellulolytic bacteria consortia indicate them to be a promising alternative for improving cobra grass structural carbohydrates degradation when in coculture with bovine ruminal bacteria. | Objetivo. Determinar las variables fermentativas in vitro de un consorcio bacteriano celulolítico (CBC) aislado de una búfala de agua en cocultivo con bacterias ruminales totales (BRT) en sustratos fibrosos. Materiales y métodos. Un CBC se aisló de fluido ruminal de una búfala de agua en medios selectivos celulolíticos. El diseño experimental fue un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3x2, los factores fueron tratamientos [BRT, CBC y un cocultivo (BRT + CBC)] y sustratos (pasto pangola y rastrojo de maíz). La producción de gas total y metano (CH4) se midieron a diferentes intervalos de tiempo. Además, se estimó pH, nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3), degradación de materia seca (DMS) y de fibra detergente neutro (DFDN), y la población de bacterias totales a 72 h de incubación. Resultados. El cocultivo produjo mayor (p≤0.05) cantidad de gas a las 3, 6 y 24 h en ambos sustratos. A las 48 y 72 h, el cocultivo produjo mayor (p≤0.05) gas en pasto cobra. El cocultivo y las BRT no presentaron diferencias (p>0.05) en la producción de CH4 a 48 y 72 h, y en DMS y DFDN (p>0.05). En el pasto cobra, la concentración de N-NH3 con el cocultivo fue mayor (p≤0.05) que con BRT. Conclusión La producción de gas y degradación de materia seca de los consorcios bacterianos celulolíticos procedentes del rumen de una búfala de agua muestran que son una alternativa para mejorar la fermentación de carbohidratos estructurales del pasto cobra cuando se cocultivan con bacterias ruminales bovinas.

Objetivo. Determinar las variables fermentativas in vitro de un consorcio bacteriano celulolítico (CBC) aislado de una búfala de agua en cocultivo con bacterias ruminales totales (BRT) en sustratos fibrosos. Materiales y métodos. Un CBC se aisló de fluido ruminal de una búfala de agua en medios selectivos celulolíticos. El diseño experimental fue un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3x2, los factores fueron tratamientos [BRT, CBC y un cocultivo (BRT + CBC)] y sustratos (pasto pangola y rastrojo de maíz). La producción de gas total y metano (CH4) se midieron a diferentes intervalos de tiempo. Además, se estimó pH, nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3), degradación de materia seca (DMS) y de fibra detergente neutro (DFDN), y la población de bacterias totales a 72 h de incubación. Resultados. El cocultivo produjo mayor (p≤0.05) cantidad de gas a las 3, 6 y 24 h en ambos sustratos. A las 48 y 72 h, el cocultivo produjo mayor (p≤0.05) gas en pasto cobra. El cocultivo y las BRT no presentaron diferencias (p>0.05) en la producción de CH4 a 48 y 72 h, y en DMS y DFDN (p>0.05). En el pasto cobra, la concentración de N-NH3 con el cocultivo fue mayor (p≤0.05) que con BRT. Conclusión La producción de gas y degradación de materia seca de los consorcios bacterianos celulolíticos procedentes del rumen de una búfala de agua muestran que son una alternativa para mejorar la fermentación de carbohidratos estructurales del pasto cobra cuando se cocultivan con bacterias ruminales bovinas.

The cultivation of irrigated guava in semi-arid areas highlights the need for information regarding its responses to irrigation water quality and the fertilization management that enables its exploitation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of water salinity and nitrogen (N) doses on the growth and physiology of the guava cv. ‘Paluma’. The experiments was conducted in drainage lysimeters under field conditions in an experimental area at the Center of Sciences and Agri-Food Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande (CCTA/UFCG), Campus II, in Pombal, PB, Brazil. The experiment had a randomized block design, and treatments consisted of a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement corresponding to five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity, ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1), and four N doses (70, 100, 130, and 160% of the recommended N dose). The 100% dose corresponded to 541.1 mg of N dm-3 of soil. Increments in irrigation water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1 led to a reduction in stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, instantaneous water use efficiency, the number of leaves and branches, stem diameter, and absolute and relative growth rates. Nitrogen doses ranging from 378.7 to 865.7 mg of N dm-3 of soil did not affect gas exchange and plant growth. Although ‘Paluma’ guava growth was affected by increases in water salinity, these plants can be irrigated using water of up to 1.42 dS m-1 with an acceptable reduction of 10% in growth variables. The interaction between irrigation water salinity and N fertilization had no significant effect on any of the variables studied. | O cultivo da goiabeira irrigada nas áreas semiáridas evidencia a necessidade de informações a respeito de suas respostas à qualidade da água de irrigação e ao manejo da adubação que possibilite sua exploração. Assim, objetivou-se estudar o efeito da salinidade da água combinada com doses de nitrogênio no crescimento e fisiologia da goiabeira cv. ‘Paluma’, em experimento conduzido em lisímetros de drenagem sob condições de campo em uma área experimental no Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (CCTA/UFCG), Campus II de Pombal, PB. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, relativos a cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação – CEa (0,3; 1,1; 1,9; 2,7 e 3,5 dS m-1) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (70, 100, 130 e 160% de N recomendada), sendo a dose referente a 100% correspondeu a 541,1 mg de N dm-3 de solo. O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação a partir de 0,3 dS m-1 promoveu redução na condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2, taxa de assimilação de CO2, transpiração, eficiência instantânea no uso da água, número de folhas e ramos, diâmetro de caule, taxa de crescimento absoluto e relativo. Doses de nitrogênio variando de 378,7 a 865,7 mg de N dm-3 de solo não afetaram as trocas gasosas e o crescimento das plantas. Apesar do crescimento da goiabeira cv. Paluma ser afetado com o aumento da salinidade, é possível irrigar com água de até 1,42 dS m-1 ocorrendo redução aceitável de 10% nas variáveis de crescimento. Não houve efeito significativo da interação entre salinidade da água de irrigação e doses de adubação nitrogenada em nenhuma variável estudada.

The cultivation of irrigated guava in semi-arid areas highlights the need for information regarding its responses to irrigation water quality and the fertilization management that enables its exploitation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of water salinity and nitrogen (N) doses on the growth and physiology of the guava cv. ‘Paluma’. The experiments was conducted in drainage lysimeters under field conditions in an experimental area at the Center of Sciences and Agri-Food Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande (CCTA/UFCG), Campus II, in Pombal, PB, Brazil. The experiment had a randomized block design, and treatments consisted of a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement corresponding to five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity, ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1), and four N doses (70, 100, 130, and 160% of the recommended N dose). The 100% dose corresponded to 541.1 mg of N dm-3 of soil. Increments in irrigation water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1 led to a reduction in stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, instantaneous water use efficiency, the number of leaves and branches, stem diameter, and absolute and relative growth rates. Nitrogen doses ranging from 378.7 to 865.7 mg of N dm-3 of soil did not affect gas exchange and plant growth. Although ‘Paluma’ guava growth was affected by increases in water salinity, these plants can be irrigated using water of up to 1.42 dS m-1 with an acceptable reduction of 10% in growth variables. The interaction between irrigation water salinity and N fertilization had no significant effect on any of the variables studied.

Ten Leptospira spp. strains were isolated from water samples from Nievas stream, Olavarría, Buenos Aires province (Argentina). The isolates showed the typical motility and morphology of the genus Leptospira under dark field microscopy, developing in liquid EMJH medium after eight days of incubation at 13 °C and 30 °C. All isolates were negative by the Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA). Molecular identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified all isolates as nonpathogenic leptospires. Four isolates showed a genetic profile identical to that of the reference strain Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc, and six isolates revealed sequence similarities within the 97–98% range, closely related to Leptospira yanagawae and Leptospira meyeri, respectively. Strains ScialfaASA42, ScialfaASA45, ScialfaASA44, ScialfaASA47, ScialfaASA49, ScialfaASA50 and ScialfaASA51 possibly represent a novel species of the genus Leptospira. | Se aislaron 10 cepas de Leptospira spp. a partir de muestras de agua del arroyo Nievas, partido de Olavarría (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina). Los aislamientos mostraron motilidad y morfología típica del género Leptospira bajo microscopía de campo oscuro y se desarrollaron en medio líquido EMJH después de 8 días de incubación a 13 y 30 °C. Todos los aislamientos fueron negativos por MLVA, y mediante la secuenciación del gen 16S del ARNr se identificaron como leptospiras no patógenas. Cuatro de estos aislamientos mostraron un perfil genético idéntico a la cepa Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc de referencia, en tanto que 6 de ellos presentaron similitudes de secuencias estrechamente relacionadas con las especies Leptospira yanagawae y Leptospira meyeri dentro del intervalo del 97 y 98%, respectivamente. Las cepas ScialfaASA42, ScialfaASA45, ScialfaASA44, ScialfaASA47, ScialfaASA49, ScialfaASA50 y ScialfaASA51 posiblemente representen una nueva especie del género Leptospira. | Instituto de Patobiología | Fil: Scialfa, Exequiel. Buenos Aires (Argentina : provincia). Ministerio de Salud. División Zoonosis Rurales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina | Fil: Grune Loffler, Sylvia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. | Fil: Brihuega, Bibiana Felicitas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina | Fil: Aguirre, Pablo. Buenos Aires (Argentina : provincia). Ministerio de Salud. División Zoonosis Rurales; Argentina | Fil: Rivero, Marina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Ten Leptospira spp. strains were isolated from water samples from Nievas stream, Olavarría, Buenos Aires province (Argentina). The isolates showed the typical motility and morphology of the genus Leptospira under dark field microscopy, developing in liquid EMJH medium after eight days of incubation at 13°C and 30°C. All isolates were negative by the Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA). Molecular identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified all isolates as nonpathogenic leptospires. Four isolates showed a genetic profile identical to that of the reference strain Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc, and six isolates revealed sequence similarities within the 97–98% range, closely related to Leptospira yanagawae and Leptospira meyeri, respectively. Strains ScialfaASA42, ScialfaASA45, ScialfaASA44, ScialfaASA47, ScialfaASA49, ScialfaASA50 and ScialfaASA51 possibly represent a novel species of the genus Leptospira.

Quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources in Northeast Brazil, besides the excessive use of fertilizers without criteria related to soil analysis and crop needs, has called the attention for studies on techniques that allow saline waters to be used in agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate physiological and growth responses of grafted guava plants, cv. Paluma, as a function of irrigation with saline water and foliar applications of proline. The experiment was carried out in protected environment in Pombal - PB, Brazil, in a randomized block design in 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with three replicates, and treatments consisted of four levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity - ECw (0.3; 1.0; 1.7 and 2.4 dS m-1) associated with four doses of proline (0, 5, 10 and 15 mmol L-1). Grafted plants of guava cv. Paluma can be grown using water with ECw of 1.1 dS m-¹ since it led to acceptable mean reduction of 10% in growth and physiological activity. Mean proline dose of 8 mmol L-1 leads to increase in the number of leaves and dry matter accumulation. The interaction between proline doses and water salinity levels did not affect either growth or physiology of grafted plants of guava cv. Paluma, at 101 days after transplanting. | As limitações quantitativas e qualitativas dos recursos hídricos do Nordeste Brasileiro, além uso abusivo de adubos sem critérios de análise de solo e da necessidade da cultura, têm despertado o interesse para estudos de técnicas que viabilizem o uso de água salinas na agricultura. Objetivou-se avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e de crescimento de plantas enxertadas de goiabeiras cv. Paluma, em função da irrigação com águas salinas e aplicações foliares de prolina. O experimento foi desenvolvido em ambiente protegido em Pombal - PB. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial de 4 x 4, com três repetições, sendo os tratamentos compostos de quatro condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação - CEa (0,3; 1,0; 1,7 e 2,4 dS m-1) associado a quatro doses de prolina (0, 5, 10 e 15 mmol L-1). Para o cultivo de plantas enxertadas de goiabeira cv. Paluma pode-se usar água de CEa de 1,1 dS m-¹ pois proporciona redução média aceitável de 10% no crescimento e na atividade fisiológica. Dose média de 8 mmol L-1 de prolina promove aumento no número de folhas e no acúmulo de massa seca. A interação entre os fatores doses de prolina e níveis de salinidade da água não afetaram o crescimento e fisiologia de plantas enxertadas de goiabeira cv. Paluma, aos 101 dias após o transplantio.

As limitações quantitativas e qualitativas dos recursos hídricos do Nordeste Brasileiro, além uso abusivo de adubos sem critérios de análise de solo e da necessidade da cultura, têm despertado o interesse para estudos de técnicas que viabilizem o uso de água salinas na agricultura. Objetivou-se avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e de crescimento de plantas enxertadas de goiabeiras cv. Paluma, em função da irrigação com águas salinas e aplicações foliares de prolina. O experimento foi desenvolvido em ambiente protegido em Pombal - PB. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial de 4 x 4, com três repetições, sendo os tratamentos compostos de quatro condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação - CEa (0,3; 1,0; 1,7 e 2,4 dS m-1) associado a quatro doses de prolina (0, 5, 10 e 15 mmol L-1). Para o cultivo de plantas enxertadas de goiabeira cv. Paluma pode-se usar água de CEa de 1,1 dS m-¹ pois proporciona redução média aceitável de 10% no crescimento e na atividade fisiológica. Dose média de 8 mmol L-1 de prolina promove aumento no número de folhas e no acúmulo de massa seca. A interação entre os fatores doses de prolina e níveis de salinidade da água não afetaram o crescimento e fisiologia de plantas enxertadas de goiabeira cv. Paluma, aos 101 dias após o transplantio.

Quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources in Northeast Brazil, besides the excessive use of fertilizers without criteria related to soil analysis and crop needs, has called the attention for studies on techniques that allow saline waters to be used in agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate physiological and growth responses of grafted guava plants, cv. Paluma, as a function of irrigation with saline water and foliar applications of proline. The experiment was carried out in protected environment in Pombal – PB, Brazil, in a randomized block design in 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with three replicates, and treatments consisted of four levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity – ECw (0.3; 1.0; 1.7 and 2.4 dS m-1) associated with four doses of proline (0, 5, 10 and 15 mmol L-1). Grafted plants of guava cv. Paluma can be grown using water with ECw of 1.1 dS m-¹ since it led to acceptable mean reduction of 10% in growth and physiological activity. Mean proline dose of 8 mmol L-1 leads to increase in the number of leaves and dry matter accumulation. The interaction between proline doses and water salinity levels did not affect either growth or physiology of grafted plants of guava cv. Paluma, at 101 days after transplanting.