Uruguay has a dense hydrographic network, nevertheless the knowledge of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community is still lacking. In recent decades afforestation with exotic species has increased which has produced changes in riparian vegetation of some rivers. The aim of this research was to determine the composition and trophic structure of macroinvertebrate community and its relationship to some physicochemical parameters in eight streams where the native forest is still well preserved and provide the basis for future studies. Samples were collected from December 2006 to December 2007. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity were measured in situ. Taxonomic composition and abundance were determined, a principal component analysis and a canonical correspondence analysis were carried out with the physico-chemical and biological parameters. The alpha diversity was calculated using the Shannon-Weaver (H'), dominance of Simpson (D) and Pielou evenness indexes (J'). Beta diversity was determined employing similarity index of Bray-Curtis. A total of 1 291 specimens belonging 92 taxa were recorded. The most abundant taxa were Ephemeroptera (36%), Amphipoda (17%) and Coleoptera (12%). The streams show high diversity and low dominance. Conductivity, pH, and temperature were the main factors in determining the macroinvertebrate distribution and composition.

"El trabajo se realizó en un micro túnel localizado en el área experimental del Departamento de Ciencias del Suelo de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (UAAAN) de Saltillo, Coahuila, México. Dada la escasez de agua en las regiones semiáridas de nuestro país, se realizó un diagnóstico nutricional del cultivo de lechuga cultivada en agua residual urbana en un sistema hidropónico de raíz flotante. Se emplearon dos métodos de desinfección de agua (ozono y rayos ultravioleta UV). Se manejaron dos soluciones nutritivas SN (solución al 100% y solución al 75% más 25% de líquido de lombricomposta LL) en condiciones de aireación ó sin ella. Para esto se produjeron plántulas de lechuga variedad ¨Great Lakes¨. Se utilizó agua de la Planta Tratadora de Aguas Residuales operada por la SEMARNAC, ubicada en la Escuela Forestal de Saltillo. Se desinfectó el agua residual con la inyección de ozono y con el empleo de rayos ultravioleta (UV), en el tratamiento con ozono se trató el agua por 24 horas. En el tratamiento con UV se les aplicó por un lapso de 30 minutos. Un tercer tratamiento fue el testigo, que no llevó ningún proceso (ST). Se consideraron 12 tratamientos generados por un factorial (3X2X2) con tres repeticiones"

Proyecto de Graduación (Licenciatura en Ingeniería Ambiental) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Química, 2014. | Distribution of tanks have been linked in various studies with the effect of storage in water quality related problems concerning the disinfection process by deficiencies in the chlorine time of contact and hydrodynamics, specifically, because poor mixing, short circuit, dead zones mixing and thermal stratification; however, Costa Rica are few or no studies to confirm or refute such scenarios occur in distribution tanks. Therefore it is necessary to begin by assessing the hydrodynamic conditions, the spatiotemporal variation of free chlorine and temperature with appropriate and applicable to different administrative entities of the water supply systems protocols. To contribute this need the present research was conducted in the New Tank in San Ignacio de Acosta, where the hydrodynamic conditions and the spatiotemporal variation of the concentration of chlorine and temperature tank were evaluated. It was necessary to perform the test with instantaneous tracer injection of sodium chloride, the resulting data using four hydrodynamic models were analyzed: analysis of Wolf-Resnick, Trend Curve, Peclet number and Tanks in Series to evaluate the hydrodynamic conditions. With regard to space variation-temporal residual chlorine and the temperature, the study included nine sampling points into the tank through the use of water traps and a suction pump. Also we included two points abroad, one at the inlet and one at the outlet pipe. The set of data obtained for the study of variation space - time were analyzed with analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Moreover, analyzed the operation and maintenance of the tank related the test results with their physical explanation and so generate recommendations that we will improve water quality was performed. It was found that the new tank had percentages of 33% of mixed flow, plug flow 11% and 56% of dead zones in accordance with the method of Wolf- Resnick. It was also confirmed with the four methods aforementioned, the flow reactor was the ideal complete mixing reactor operation more approached the tank , but misses in all this behavior to be three methods the presence of a short circuit. That proceeds of short circuit and deficiency in the mixture was found actual holding time was 498.0 min, 15 min to less theoretical. Added to this the variation of the levels in the tank didn´t exceed 30 %, recording minimum values of 2 m, which together with possibly short circuit causes 56% of dead zones. The input and output configuration allows the presence of short circuit and therefore was recommended relocate one pipeline; regulating flow of income was recommended in conjunction with control levels to prevent foster varying volumes and prevent aging water. Finally, the feasibility of hydrodynamic studies related to water quality in storage tanks by a process applicable to the local context was found. The problem of maintaining high percentages of stored water, It wasn´t taking into account as the configuration of the inlet and outlet of the tank can affect water quality, demonstrating in turn that the storage tank wasn´t the structure is evidenced ideal for efficiently performing the disinfection process, constricted a valuable contribution in terms to risk minimization in water quality in the supply system in San Ignacio de Acosta.

El Club Campestre Cafam se abastece de dos pozos de agua subterránea, y con el tiempo se ha evidenciado que es un recurso limitado, sobre todo por las fuertes exigencias del ente de control. Cafam desea formular el programa de uso eficiente y ahorro del agua, que tiene como finalidad el cumplimiento de la normatividad y de requerimientos exigidos por la Secretaria Distrital de Ambiente para la concesión de aguas subterráneas, prorroga que tendrá que solicitarse antes del mes de noviembre del presente año. La estructura del PUEAA estará basada en el levantamiento y la recopilación de información de tal forma que se organice estructuralmente para entregar un diagnóstico completo del Club. Además incluirá la formulación de diferentes mecanismos de acción que consistirán y tendrán como propósito final ayudar con la disminución del consumo de agua subterránea, los cuales estarán regidos bajo la normatividad ambiental aplicable y los recursos de la organización. Se tendrá que formular el programa de educación a la población que integra el Club, el programa de reducción de pérdidas basado en los lineamientos de mantenimiento correctivo y preventivo. También se establecerán los indicadores de control y seguimiento como herramienta para evaluar el programa, la fijación de metas para el cumplimiento de la Ley 373 de 1997 y la Resolución 1371 del 2009 dada por la Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente. Por último se diseñará el modelo del sistema para el aprovechamiento de aguas lluvia aplicable a la institución. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado

A expansão da fronteira agrícola no Oeste do Pará nas últimas décadas tem alterado a paisagem, antes ocupada por florestas ou agricultura familiar, provocando alterações ambientais com impacto nos recursos hídricos. O trabalho avaliou a qualidade da água de 24 microbacias hidrográficas, sob diferentes usos de solo: área natural/referência (Flona Tapajós), agricultura tradicional (PA-Moju) e agriculturas mecanizadas recentes e antigas de soja (Rodovias Curuá-Una e BR-163, respectivamente), com base na Resolução Conama nº 357/05, em Santarém e Belterra, no Pará. As coletas ocorreram em outubro/11 e abril/12. Parâmetros analisados: pH, cor, turbidez, TDS, OD, DBO, nitrato, nitrito, nitrogênio amoniacal, fósforo total, clorofila-a e coliformes termotolerantes. Confrontando os resultados com os da Resolução, constatou-se no período seco que seis microbacias da Flona Tapajós e uma do PA-Moju apresentaram concentrações abaixo dos limites permissíveis para OD. Apenas uma microbacia (BR-163) apresentou pH no intervalo aceitável, e todas as microbacias do PA-Moju superaram o limite estabelecido para clorofila-a. A cor apresentou desconformidade em quatro microbacias da Curuá-Una, durante o período chuvoso. As atividades antrópicas estão causando assoreamento e aporte de compostos e nutrientes aos recursos hídricos, promovendo a sua degradação. A Resolução nº 357/05 necessita de adequações para a região Amazônica, visto que alguns parâmetros que apresentaram valores em desconformidade com a legislação refletem condições naturais da região.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake, digestibility and physiologic parameters of sheep supplemented with increasing levels of propylene glycol. The research and data collection were performed in the Capim Branco experimental farm, which belongs to the Federal University of Uberlândia, lasting 75 days. Therefore, five sheep were used, housed in metabolic cages with slatted floor, feeder and drinker. Corn silage and mineral core specific for the species were used as feed. The rations were divided into two meals and offered to the animals at 08:00 h and at 16:00 h. Water was supplied ad libitum and already mixed with propylene glycol. The inclusion levels of propylene glycol were 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%. The variables studied were: feed intake, feeding behavior, water intake, propylene glycol consumption, fecal score, digestibility, physiologic parameters, ruminal pH and temperature of the rumen fluid. The inclusion of propylene glycol at increasing levels reduced water consumption and did not change the intake and digestibility of matter. Furthermore, the inclusion of propylene glycol did not alter the physiological parameters of sheep, such as ruminal movements, rectal temperature and respiratory rate, which shows that this compound may be added to the diet of sheep to the level of 6%.

A expansão da fronteira agrícola no Oeste do Pará nas últimas décadas tem alterado a paisagem, antes ocupada por florestas ou agricultura familiar, provocando alterações ambientais com impacto nos recursos hídricos. O trabalho avaliou a qualidade da água de 24 microbacias hidrográficas, sob diferentes usos de solo: área natural/referência (Flona Tapajós), agricultura tradicional (PA-Moju) e agriculturas mecanizadas recentes e antigas de soja (Rodovias Curuá-Una e BR-163, respectivamente), com base na Resolução Conama nº 357/05, em Santarém e Belterra, no Pará. As coletas ocorreram em outubro/11 e abril/12. Parâmetros analisados: pH, cor, turbidez, TDS, OD, DBO, nitrato, nitrito, nitrogênio amoniacal, fósforo total, clorofila-a e coliformes termotolerantes. Confrontando os resultados com os da Resolução, constatou-se no período seco que seis microbacias da Flona Tapajós e uma do PA-Moju apresentaram concentrações abaixo dos limites permissíveis para OD. Apenas uma microbacia (BR-163) apresentou pH no intervalo aceitável, e todas as microbacias do PA-Moju superaram o limite estabelecido para clorofila-a. A cor apresentou desconformidade em quatro microbacias da Curuá-Una, durante o período chuvoso. As atividades antrópicas estão causando assoreamento e aporte de compostos e nutrientes aos recursos hídricos, promovendo a sua degradação. A Resolução nº 357/05 necessita de adequações para a região Amazônica, visto que alguns parâmetros que apresentaram valores em desconformidade com a legislação refletem condições naturais da região.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da salinidade no crescimento inicial de mudas de Aspidosperma pyrifolium. | Edição dos Resumos do V Workshop de Tecnologia e Fisiologia de Sementes e Mudas, Petrolina, dez. 2014.

Actualmente se utilizan de manera ineficiente grandes cantidades de agua y la demanda crece más rápido de lo que la naturaleza puede abastecer, en particular para uso agrícola. Esta problemática podría ser atenuada reutilizando aguas residuales tratadas. Se plantea como objetivos determinar la calidad del efluente depurado por lagunas de estabilización de la Capital de Catamarca en base a indicadores de calidad agronómica, tipo de sales predominantes y correlacionar dichos indicadores para simplificar su caracterización. Se analizaron muestras compensadas del efluente y la calidad química para riego fue evaluada utilizando indicadores de peligrosidad salina y peligrosidad sódica. Se efectuó análisis estadístico correlacional entre los indicadores utilizados. La calidad química del efluente depurado para riego puede ser clasificada de baja peligrosidad sódica y moderada salinidad, según los criterios aplicados, pudiendo utilizarse en suelos de moderada a buena permeabilidad, siendo la RAS y CE los indicadores más importantes para simplificar su caracterización. | At present, large amounts of water are used inefficiently and demand is growing faster than nature can supply, especially for agricultural use. These problems could be mitigated by reusing treated wastewater. The objectives are to determine the quality of treated wastewater by stabilization ponds of Capital of Catamarca, with indicators based on agronomic quality, predominant type of salts and correlate these indicators in order to simplify their characterization. Effluent samples were analyzed and chemical quality for irrigation was evaluated using indicators of saline dangerousness and sodium hazard. Correlational statistical analysis between the indicators used were performed. The chemical quality of treated effluent for irrigation can be classified low sodium hazard and moderate salinity, according to the applied criteria and can be used on soils with moderate to good permeability, the most important indicators to simplify their characterization are SAR and EC. | Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES)