ABSTARCT: Solar radiation and its heat dissipation influence directly the thermal stratification of water bodies. In the wetland Cachimbero (Cimitarra, Colombia), the heat budget and existance of thermal stratification within the water body was studied; besides the influence exerted by this stratification on dissolved oxygen in water wetland was related. As a specific objective, an appropriate methodology to identify and to study of thermal stratification in dark water wetlands was applied. In order to attain this objective, eight sampling campaigns were carried out between December 2002 and November 2004 measuring water temperature profiles, room temperature, solar radiation based on meteorological information, water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, pH, redox potential, electrical conductivity, etc.). The water body can be classified like shallow, warm and polymictic lake. It displays recurrent deficit of dissolved oxygen in epilimnion and general anoxia in hypolimnion, and evolution temporary of the profiles follows the pattern general of the thermal profiles.

O maracujazeiro está entre as principais fruteiras cultivadas no País, sendo semeadura o método predominante na produção de mudas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito do pH da água de embebição e do trincamento das sementes nos processos de germinação e desenvolvimento inicial do maracujazeiro amarelo, cultivar IAC 277. O trabalho foi realizado no Departamento de Fitotecnia, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (MG). Os tratamentos foram constituídos de sementes trincadas e não trincadas embebidas durante 24 horas em solução de água destilada com pHs 3,0; 4,0; 5,0; 6,0 e 7,0. Posteriormente, no interior da casa-de-vegetação, as sementes foram semeadas em caixas plásticas contendo areia fina lavada. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, num fatorial 5 x 2 (pH da solução x trincamento da semente), com quatro repetições, considerando como unidade experimental, um lote de 50 sementes. Após 28 dias da semeadura, foram analisadas: porcentagem de germinação e sobrevivência; índice de velocidade de emergência; comprimento total; altura e comprimento da raiz primária e, massa da matéria seca total das plântulas. Concluiu-se que, os valores de pH das soluções de embebição foram favoráveis com os pHs de 3,81 e 6,14, para sementes não trincadas e trincadas, respectivamente. Os valores de pH das soluções de embebição não influenciaram no desenvolvimento inicial do maracujazeiro amarelo. As sementes não trincadas apresentaram os melhores resultados, não sendo aconselhável o trincamento das mesmas nos processos de germinação e desenvolvimento inicial do maracujazeiro amarelo.<br>The passion fruit plant is among the main fruits cultivated in the country, being the sowing of seeds the predominant method in the production of seedlings. The aimed of this work was to evaluate the effect of the water pH of soaking and of the cracking of the seeds on the germination and initial development processes of the yellow passion fruit, cv. IAC 277. The work was carried out at the Department of Plant Science, of the Federal University of Viçosa (MG), Brazil. The treatments were constituted of cracking and no cracking seeds soaked for 24 hours into solution of distilled water at pHs 3.0; 4.0; 5.0; 6.0 and 7.0. After, at the greenhouse, the seeds were sowed in plastic boxes being used as fine substrate washed sand. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized blocks, in a factorial 5 x 2 (pH of the solution x cracking of the seed), with four replications, where each plot constituted of 50 seeds. After 28 days of sowing, the following characteristics were evaluated: germination and survival percentages; emergence speed; total plantlet length; plantlet height; first root length and plantlet mass total drought. It was concluded that, pH values of the soaking solutions were favorable at the pHs of 3.81 and 6.14, for no cracking and cracking seeds, respectively. The pH values of the soaking solutions did not influence on the initial development of the yellow passion fruit. The no cracking seeds presented the best results, not being recommended the cracking of the seeds for the germination and initial development processes of the yellow passion fruit.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer el efecto de elevadas concentraciones de sales totales (ST) y sulfatos (Sulf) en agua de bebida sobre la degradabilidad ruminal de agropiro alargado (Thinopyrum ponticum). Se realizaron 6 ensayos repetidos en el tiempo utilizando licor ruminal de un novillo, cuya dieta consistió en heno de alfalfa (dieta A) o heno de alfalfa y pastura de gramíneas (dieta B). El agua de bebida se obtuvo de una aguada situada en el mismo potrero que el agropiro. El licor ruminal y el agropiro se incubaron a 39 °C en saliva artificial preparada con agua de bebida. Se evaluaron 6 tratamientos en balones con jeringas graduadas acopladas. Los balones contenían 60 mi de inoculo ruminal y 1 g de agropiro excepto en el tratamiento TI. Los tratamientos fueron TI: sin forraje; T2: control; T3: ST (3.000 mg/1); T4: ST (7.000 mg/1); T5: Sulf (1.500 mg/1) y T6: Sulf (7.000 mg/1). Las sales utilizadas fueron: sulfatos y cloruros de sodio, potasio, calcio y magnesio. Para estimar la degradabilidad ruminal del agropiro se evaluó la producción de gas en función del tiempo de incubación, midiéndose el gas que se acumulaba en las jeringas durante 50 h. También se registró el pH de los incubados de cada tratamiento al inicio y al final de los ensayos. Los datos fueron analizados mediante ANVA y comparados por test de Dunnett. Hubo efectos de bloque, tratamiento, hora, e interacciones hora x bloque y hora x tratamiento sobre la producción de gas (p < 0,05). Tanto en la dieta A como en la dieta B, ST7.000 fue el tratamiento que más afectó la actividad degradativa de los microorganismos del rumen, seguido en la dieta A por Sulf 7.000 y en la dieta B por ST1500. Se encontraron algunas diferencias significativas de pH entre tratamientos, y entre valores iniciales y finales. Se concluye que elevadas concentraciones de sales, particularmente de ST, disminuyen la actividad degradativa de los microorganismos ruminales al cabo de 50 h de digestión | The objective of this study was to find out the effect of high concentrations of total salts (ST) and sulphates (Sulf) in drinking water on the degradability of tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum). Six trials repeated at different moments using rumen fluid from a steer fed on either alfalfa hay (diet A) or alfalfa hay plus grass pasture (diet B) were performed. Drinking water was obtained from a watering place located in the same paddock of the pasture. Rumen fluid and tall wheatgrass were incubated at 39 °C in artificial saliva prepared with drinking water. Six treatments were evaluated in flasks fitted with graduated syringes. The flasks contained 60 ml of ruminal inoculum and 1 g of tall wheatgrass except in treatment 1 (Tl). Treatments were Tl: without forage; T2: control; T3: ST (3,000 mg/1); T4: ST (7,000 mg/1); T5: Sulf (1,500 mg/1) y T6: Sulf (7,000 mg/1). Salts used were: sulphates and chlorides of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. To estimate the ruminal degradability of tall wheatgrass, gas production as a function of incubation time was evaluated by measuring the gas accumulated in the syringes during 50 h. The pH of the incubates of each treatment at the beginning and at the end of the trials was also recorded. Data were analysed using AN OVA and means were compared using Dunnett's test. Effects of block (diet), treatment, hour, and interactions of hour x block and hour x treatment on gas production were detected (P < 0.05). In both diets, A and B, ST7.000 was the treatment that most affected the degradative activity of rumen microorganisms, followed in diet A by Sulf7.000 and in diet B by ST1.500. Some significant differences of pH were found between treatments, and between initial and final values. It was concluded that high concentrations of salts, particularly of ST, decrease the degradative activity of rumen microbes after 50 h of digestion

Este trabajo presenta el estudio de factibilidad experimental para la integración de un concentrador solar y un refrigerador por ciclo de absorción de amoniaco-agua. Los resultados muestran que la potencia mínima para que el ciclo funcione es de 120 W en concordancia con lo reportado por el fabricante. De igual modo, se establece que el ciclo se mantiene operativo aún con una caída del 40% en la potencia de alimentación. Se determinó un COP_real experimental de 0.18 para el ciclo. El ajuste del modelo termodinámico empleado y los datos experimentales permitieron determinar que la presión de trabajo del ciclo es de 25 bar y las concentraciones rica y pobre de la solución amoniacal es de 30% y 15% respectivamente. Se verificó que el sistema de concentración tiene la capacidad de proveer la potencia y la temperatura requeridas por el ciclo para funcionar. Se encontró también que la respuesta del sistema es muy dependiente del correcto enfoque con tiempo máximo de reenfoque de 5 min. La eficiencia promedio del sistema de concentración se estableció en 30%. | The feasibility of integrating a solar concentrator collector (CPC) and a refrigerator driven by an ammoniawater absorption cooling cycle is experimentally evaluated in this work. A minimum operating power of 120 W was experimentally determined in agreement with the value reported by the manufacturer. Accordingly, it was established that the cycle remains operational even under a supply power drop of up to 40%. The dependence of the temperature inside the refrigerator with ambient temperature was assessed as well. The values of 0.16 and 0.18 for the experimental and simulated COP are in close agreement indicating the validity of the theoretical model employed. With regard to the CPC it was verified that the system is capable of supplying the power and temperature required for the cycle to operate. The response of the CPC system was found to be sensitive to proper focusing with maximum refocusing time 5 min. The average experimental efficiency was established to be ~30%. | Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES)

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência do teor de água nos valores da força máxima de compressão para uma deformação fixa (2 mm) e do módulo proporcional de deformidade de grãos de soja submetidos à compressão em diferentes posições. Foram utilizados grãos com teores de água variando de 0,58 a 0,093 (b.s.), comprimidos uniaxialmente entre duas placas paralelas, na direção de suas três dimensões principais, sob velocidade de compressão de 0,001 m s-1. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a força de compressão e o módulo proporcional de deformidade diminuem com o aumento do teor de água. Além disso, os grãos de soja apresentam maior resistência à compressão quando submetidos a esforços na posição de repouso (P1), apresentando valores semelhantes da força de compressão e do módulo proporcional de deformidade quando comprimidos nas posições P2 (sobre o hilo) e P3 (na vertical).<br>This work aimed to determine the effect of the soybean grain moisture content in the maximum compression force values for a fixed deformation (2 mm) and the proportional deformity modulus under different compression positions. Soybean grains varying from 0.58 to 0.093 (d.b.) of moisture content were compressed uniaxialy between two parallel plates towards its three main dimensions under compression speed of 0.001 m s-1. According to the results it was concluded that the compression force and the proportional deformity modulus decrease with the increasing of the moisture content. Also the soybean grains presented higher resistance to its compression when submitted to the repose position (P1) and presented similar compression force and proportional deformity modulus values when compressed in the position P2 (on the hilum) and P3 (in the vertical).

Estudou-se neste trabalho a atividade do sulfentrazone sobre plantas de soja cultivadas em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico com diferentes níveis de compactação. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas por colunas de PVC com altura de 0,25 m e diâmetro interno de 0,145 m, nas quais foram colocadas massas de solo (30% de umidade) suficientes para atingir o nível de compactação desejado. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 2, correspondendo a quatro níveis de compactação do solo (1,0, 1,2, 1,4 e 1,5 g cm-3), presença ou ausência do herbicida e duas frações de poros preenchidas com água (80 e 70% da porosidade total), com quatro repetições. O sulfentrazone reduziu a área foliar, a formação de nódulos, a massa seca dos nódulos e o acúmulo de nitrogênio na parte aérea. Esses efeitos foram mais acentuados com o aumento da densidade do solo. | This experiment aimed to evaluate the activity of sulfentrazone on soybean plants grown in a Typic Haplorthox, under different soil compaction levels. Experimental units were PVC columns 0.25 m high and with 0.145 m of internal diameter, in which enough soil mass (30% moisture) was placed to achieve the desired compaction level. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to four compaction levels (1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.5 g cm-3), presence or absence of herbicide and two soil moistures (80 and 70% of total porosity filled with water), with four replicates. Sulfentrazone reduced the foliar area, nodule development, nodule dry matter and shoot nitrogen accumulation. Such effects became more pronounced with increased soil compaction.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os sintomas das folhas na vida pós-colheita do Phormium tenax sobre efeito de diferentes tratamentos.