Utilización de indicadores de benchmarking para evaluar la gestión del agua en la agricultura : aplicación a dos realidades en la península ibérica. | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do Método de Pontos Interiores (MPI), tipo trajetória central, na maximização de funções-objetivos associadas à produção e receita agrícola com limitações de água e nitrogênio. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um procedimento iterativo buscando maximizar a produção e renda separadamente, em função da água e do nitrogênio aplicado numa caixa bidimensional de restrições, a partir de funções de produtividade para as culturas do melão e melancia. Após caracterização e implementação do modelo matemático, foram gerados resultados numéricos para diferentes cenários agrícolas. Concluiu-se que a metodologia de pontos interiores (MPI), utilizada neste estudo, foi capaz de maximizar a produtividade e receita, resultando na obtenção de valores confiáveis quando comparada com a metodologia Simplex.   UNITERMOS: Metodologia de Pontos Interiores, programação não linear, otimização     DELGADO, A. R. S.; DUARTE, W. S.; LIMA, V. N.; CARVALHO, D. F. de. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR OPTIMATIZATION OF IN COME OF MELON AND WATERMELON IN WATER DEPTHS AND NITROGEN RATES DOSES FUNCTIONS     2 ABSTRACT          The objective of this work was to evaluate the Interior Point Method (central path) in the maximization of objective functions associated to production and agricultural income with water and nitrogen constraints. Thus, a computational procedure to maximize the production in relation to water and nitrogen applied to the melon and watermelon cultivation was developed in a bi-dimensional box of constraints. The model was characterized and numerical results were presented for different agricultural scenes. It was concluded that the interior point method (IPM) used in this study was capable to maximize the productivity and revenue, obtaining reliable values when compared with Simplex method.   KEYWORDS: Interior Point Method, nonlinear programming, optimization  

En este trabajo se aborda la problemática de la adopción y apropiación de tecnologías para el aprovechamiento de la energía solar en comunidades campesinas aisladas. Se describe una metodología de trabajo que aplica herramientas de Investigación Acción Participativa a una experiencia que es llevada a cabo en dos comunidades rurales de Salta: Esquina de Guardia, donde las acciones se orientaron a resolver el problema de aguas arsenicales a través de destiladores solares; y Cabrerías, donde la comunidad demandaba agua caliente para uso sanitario. Un primer análisis, nos lleva a concluir que no existe un procedimiento metodológico único para abordar las experiencias de transferencia y apropiación tecnológica, estando estos condicionados al contexto en que se realizan. | The problem that is focus this work is the existing difficulty to realise the adoption and appropriation of technology, with the consequent failure of many projects and the lack of methodologies that favor the participation of recipients in the transfer. This paper describes a methodology that applies tools of Participatory Action Research, which supports a process of technology transfer and ongoing ownership. This experience is conducted in two rural communities of Salta: Esquina de Guardia, where actions were aimed at solving the problem of arsenic in water through solar stills, and Cabrerías, where the community, in a process of improving quality of life, demanding hot water for sanitary use. An initial analysis leads us to conclude that there is not single methodological approach to address the experiences of technology transfer and appropriation, being those conditioned to the context in which they perform. | Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES)

The cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. Walp, is an important crop in Venezuela, and is necessary to evaluate different tillage practices to increase its production, and to improve the soil properties. We evaluated the impact of the minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) in the production of dry matter (DM), foliar area (FA), and crop production of cowpea, variety Tuy, sowed at 0.5 m between rows and 0.05 m between plants in a Mollisol soil of Aragua State, in a completelly randomized block desing, with four repetitions, and the impact in the soil water content until 50 cm of depth during the crop cycle (CC), the soil bulk density, macro- and micro-porosity, total soil porosity and soil infi ltration. The analisis of variance and means test (Tukey a=10%) was done using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) program. There was a not signifi cant difference in the pattern of DM production of leaves, stem, total DM, foliar area, and grain yield between MT and CT. The FA of the CT there was only signifi cat higher than in MT at 67 days after emergency. In the soil, there was signifi cant differences bewteen MT and CT in the soil water of the 0-5 cm soil layer, in the total soil porosity of the 30-40 and 40-50 cm soil layers, in the soil bulk density of the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers, and in the soil water content at soil capacity in the 0-5 and 10-20 cm soil layers. There was a signifi cant relationship between the water used or missing during the crop cycle and the total DM produced in MT and CT | El frijol, Vigna unguiculata L. Walp; variedad Tuy, es un cultivo de gran importancia en Venezuela. Se requiere la evaluación de alternativas de labranza que incrementen su producción, mejoren o mantengan las características favorables del suelo. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el impacto de la labranza mínima (LM) y la labranza convencional (LC) sobre la producción de materia seca (MS) del frijol; variedad Tuy, área foliar (ÁF), rendimiento , humedad del suelo hasta 50 cm de profundidad durante el ciclo del cultivo (CC), densidad aparente (Da), macro y microporosidad e infiltración al momento de madurez, para ello se sembró en el período norte-verano sin aplicación de riego en un Mollisol del estado Aragua, con una densidad aproximada de 400.000 plantas.ha-1 en un diseño en bloques aleatorizados, con cuatro repeticiones. El análisis de la varianza y prueba de Medias (Tukey a=10%) se realizó mediante el programa del Sistema de Análisis Estadístico (siglas en inglés SAS). Al analizar los resultados no se observó diferencias relevantes en el patrón de acumulación, MS (hojas, tallos), MS total, ÁF y producción de grano entre LM y LC. El ÁF fue significativamente mayor en LC a los 67 días después de emergencia (DDE). En el suelo se notaron cambios en la humedad del horizonte 0-5 cm, en la porosidad total a los 30-40 y 40-50 cm, en Da a los 0-5 y 5-10 cm y en el contenido de humedad a capacidad de campo (HCC) del 0-5 y 10-20 cm. Se detectó una relación entre la lámina de agua faltante y la MS total en LM y LC

Her lateral dominion coats capital his sensory development's the space motive and crushes importance in arder to 5 little boy to 7 years to be of the scheme it links up narrowly with the reading's learning and he notarizes it. Pérez (1986 ), he recommends taking into account human space a bidirectional space is presents for example in the writing, of the writing and of the reading. Sorne children present the left-handed side's predominance Toward the 4 years, than in the course of time tend to be told to (García Núñez, 1983 ). Other ones manifest the right-hand side's predominance, than also he will go away affirming at the merey of the mediate educational influence. Kephart ( 1960 ), he maintains that when driving abilities become general they must be well-established to be the foundation of the little boy in the organization perceptual and conceptual worldly; Therefore, join the driving coordination's deficiency he originates an intellectual disorder. The investigation. attempted like diagnosis in the initial lnstitution N 288 understanding the in need achievements in her development useful lateral dominion of the boys and girls as a salid point of reference in the prevention problems learning along the little boy's all the formative development. Being based on her theory Lateral dominion, once was based for Rigal ( 2006 ) we established understanding parameters of his development's process departting from the symmetric studio of the body definite .human systemicly step by step anatomic equals and symmetric, but in the course of time one gets to establish itself functional lateral dominion. We could be able to also establishing a basic differeñce existent among lateral dominion and develop lateral, beca use the first . corresponds to process for midway of which the little boy gets .J o prefer a segment on his symmetric pair, and seconds her dominion of a cerebral hemisphere on the other has to do with her. Our objective was to describe the development level of her !lateral dominion in her boys and girls LE.I N° 288 of Rioja's district in the year 2010, than completely they counted on 5 years elderly in 23 members'snumber of the valid population in arder to told institution. The investigation was adjusted to a descriptive desigr\ simple, having as support an observation chip in arder to the data's verification, the one that applied itself for two consecutive times. Data-processing limited to a simple indictment of the frequencies heeded in all of the indicators to value itself, turnning to arithmetical mean's calculation to assume the test of the hypothesis wherewith turned out well demonstrating existent a high level development level of her lateral dominion in the 5- yea.rs boys and girls elderly of her l. E.l N° 288 of Rioja's district in the year 201 O. Done that he configures one status optimal in the notion's development the . space as fundamental predecessor of the subsequent learnings · becoming manifest with to be in a world dominated precisely for people deft absolute predominance of the right-hand side as coincidence. · | One of the most serious problems related to solid waste management in Peru is their final disposition. The solid waste management is summarized in a cycle that begins with the generation and accumulation time, continuing its collection, transport and transfer and ends with the final accumulation of them. The solid waste generated in the city of Tarapoto have the final disposal dump located in the sector "Yacucatina" approximately kilometer 25 of the cart Fernando Belaunde-South, which are deposited in an arbitrary manner, without application of any technical or monitoring method causing a serious environmental problem. By having direct contact with soil, contaminated waste to it, threatening groundwater, wetlands located near the dump site and thus, damaging the soil, subsoil, surface water quality and groundwater. That is why in this paper, we investigate the pollution caused by leachate from the measurement of water quality by taking some physical, chemical and bacteriological comparison with existing norms. The methodology of analysis took place according to the parameter to be analyzed according to international standards for the characterization of water quality (APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 1992) which are included in so-called "Standard Methods for the Examination of Waters and wastewater (Standard Methods For The Examination of Water and Wastewaster) and Water Quality Standards (ECA) established the Water Resources Act and standards INDECOPI Peruvian referred to water quality. With the results showed that all the sampled points are total coliform contamination and thermotolerant coliforms exceeding water quality standards. There is also contaminated with chromium and nickel in the leachate, which exceed the limits set in the DS N º 08-2009-MINAM, referring to the effluents of landfills or disposal facilities for solid waste. In the fifth sampling point there is presence of traces of nickel and mercury, which are within the limits set by the Water Quality Standards We also found that the physical and chemical and bacteriological occurring with greater intensity in leachate with respect to other sources in the area are: COD, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen, nitrates, hardness, nitrogen, chloride, chromium, nickel, mercury and total coliforms. Tracking contaminants in different bodies of water in the catchment area of the dump, set the trend in the contamination plume is in the direction of runoff of leachate to be generated starting from the very base of the dump. The assessment is one of the main elements of the study, after it is proposed the following measures and treatment of leachate for the proper management of solid waste generated in the city of Tarapoto.

El agua es empleada para satisfacer las necesidades básicas, pero a causa de su contaminación ocasiona un deterioro de la calidad de vida de la población. Por esto se han empleado indicadores de contaminación microbiológica, para verificar su calidad y evitar la propagación de enfermedades. El objetivo del presente proyecto es la determinación de la calidad bacteriológica (coliformes totales y Escherichia coli) del agua usada para el consumo de los habitantes de las veredas Nápoles, Ponchos y Sebastopol de San Antonio de Tequendama y así determinar si es apta para su consumo. La metodología incluyó la toma de muestra de cinco puntos de la red de distribución, una vez por mes durante tres meses, procesamiento de las muestras por el método filtración por membrana para determinar la cantidad de UFC/100mL de coliformes totales y E.coli.   Los resultados muestran que el agua en estudio no es apta para consumo humano debido a que en los distintos puntos y meses de muestreo se encontró presencia de coliformes totales en un 100% y E. coli en un 86.6%, lo cual señala que estos indicadores se encuentran en una proporción mayor a lo establecido según la normatividad. Algunos de los microorganismos identificados son Citrobacter sp, Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli y otros como Hafnia sp., Arizona sp. y Serratia sp, que igualmente causan enfermedades. Se desarrolló un mapa de riesgo para conocer las causas de contaminación en la red de distribución, además se realizó una retroalimentación a la comunidad sobre la contaminación hídrica.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade das águas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Domingos (BHRSD), correlacionando-a com as possíveis fontes poluidoras advindas das características naturais e antrópicas da área. Alguns parâmetros físico-químicos foram analisados em 65 pontos (superficiais e subterrâneos) de amostragem. Os resultados foram confrontados com os limites estabelecidos pelas Resoluções CONAMA 357/05 (classe 2), que trata das águas superficiais, e CONAMA 396/08 (consumo humano), que contempla as águas subterrâneas. Foram analisados diversos cátions e ânions, temperatura, alcalinidade, pH, condutividade elétrica (CE), sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD), oxigênio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), coliformes termotolerantes e alguns agrotóxicos organoclorados e organofosforados. Os parâmetros que apresentaram inconformidades, com maior frequência, foram: alumínio dissolvido, boro total, ferro dissolvido, manganês total, nitratos, pH, OD, DBO e alguns organoclorados e organofosforados. Embora a área esteja situada em terreno cristalino tropical úmido, o que pode justificar os teores elevados de alumínio, manganês e ferro, os resultados apontam que o comprometimento da qualidade das águas da BHRSD é influenciado pela prática agrícola.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar possíveis efeitos da aplicação de taxas de água residuária de suinocultura (ARS), quanto às concentrações de cobre e zinco, tanto no solo quanto na água percolada de lisímetros de drenagem, durante o ciclo da cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, onde havia 24 lisímetros de drenagem. Semeou-se soja cultivar CD 202, e foram aplicadas ARS nas seguintes dosagens: 0; 100; 200 e 300 m³ ha-1 no ciclo, combinadas com duas adubações na semeadura (com e sem adição da adubação recomendada na semeadura), em três repetições por tratamento. Foram feitas seis coletas do material percolado durante o ciclo da cultura e realizadas determinações de cobre e zinco. No solo, foram feitas três coletas em cada parcela experimental, para a determinação do pH, da matéria orgânica, da capacidade de troca catiônica, do cobre e do zinco. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, num esquema fatorial de 4 x 2. Observou-se que o cobre no solo não apresentou diferenças significativas com a aplicação de ARS e adubação, enquanto as concentrações de zinco no solo foram influenciadas pelas taxas aplicadas de ARS. As transferências de cobre e de zinco por percolação foram pouco expressivas. | The objective of this paper is to evaluate the possible effects of applying different rates of swine wastewater (ARS), when it comes to the concentration of copper and zinc and in the percolated water of drainage lysimeters on the soil cultivated with soybeans. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment containing 24 drainage lysimeters. Cultivar CD 202 was sowed and swine wastewater was applied in the following dosages: 0, 100, 200, and 300 m³ ha-1 during the cycle, combined with two fertilizing at sewing (with and without added fertilizing recommended at sewing), in three repetitions per treatment. It was accomplished six collections of percolated material during the crop cycle and it was determinate both copper and zinc. In soil, three collections were accomplished in each experimental plot to determine the pH, organic matter, cationic exchange capacity, copper and zinc. The experiment delimitation was carried out in random blocks in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme. It was observed that copper did not present differences in the application of ARS and fertilizer, while the concentration of zinc on the soil was influenced by rates of ARS Copper and zinc transfer per lixiviation was not meaningful.

A seca é um dos principais estresses abióticos que reduzem a produção do milho. Essa redução depende do estádio de desenvolvimento da cultura e da duração do período do estresse de água na planta. A sincronia de florescimento masculino e feminino (ASI) tem sido relatada como de fácil medição e correlacionada negativamente com a tolerância a seca. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o comportamento de híbridos originários de linhagens selecionadas e não selecionadas para ASI, sob condições de estresse de água, no período do florescimento/enchimento de grãos. As lâminas de irrigação aplicadas foram medidas em baterias de 16 coletores instalados em cada experimento. No ensaio com estresse, as irrigações foram interrompidas aos 55 dias após o plantio (dap) e reiniciadas aos 90 dap. Para avaliar o nível do estresse hídrico aplicado, monitorou-se a umidade do solo nas camadas de 0 a 20, 20 a 40 e 40 a 60cm do perfil do solo, empregando-se o método gravimétrico. Foram utilizados dez híbridos não selecionados para ASI (NSASI), cinco híbridos com 100% ASI, cinco híbridos com 50% ASI e duas testemunhas comerciais. Em ambos os ensaios, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e a parcela foi formada por duas fileiras de 5 m de comprimento. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P< 0,01) para todas as características avaliadas em cada ambiente e para peso de grãos, número de espigas e altura de plantas na análise conjunta. Os híbridos com 100% ASI mostraram, em média, ASI zero e manifestaram protoginia e os demais apresentaram protandria. Os híbridos NSASI apresentaram redução média de 62% na produtividade e os híbridos com 100% ASI e 50% ASI mostraram reduções médias de 44,8% e 54%, respectivamente. As produtividades médias mais altas dos híbridos com ASI, na condição de estresse de água, parecem estar mais associadas com o número de espigas do que com a característica ASI.