Los sistemas de refrigeración solar que desarrollamos trabajan mediante la adsorción de metanol en carbón activado. La capacidad de adsorción del carbón puede verse afectada si este contiene algún contaminante, esto a su vez reduce la performance del refrigerador. En este caso, el agua es uno de los contaminantes más importantes. La presencia de agua puede ser debida a la descomposición química del metanol, o el resultado de un procedimiento poco eficiente para la limpieza del carbón activado. Estudiaremos entonces la adsorción de metanol en los dos tipos de carbones activados utilizados, a los que se le ha agregado agua como contaminante, con el objetivo de analizar cómo cambia la eficiencia del refrigerador. | Solar Cooling Systems we develop work by adsorption on activated carbon Methanol. The adsorption capacity of coal can be affected if it contains a contaminant, this in turn reduces the performance of the refrigerator. In this case, water is one of the most important pollutants. The presence of wáter may be due to chemical decomposition of methanol or the result of an inefficient for cleaning the activated carbon procedure. Then we study the methanol adsorption in the two kinds of activated carbons used, to which water has been added as a contaminant, in order to analyze how changes the efficiency of the refrigerator. | Tema 8: Energías renovables, modelización y simulación. | Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo

Fil: Nogués, Pablo. Ministerio de Agricultura. Sección de Geología, Mineralogía y Minería; Argentina. | Fil: Hermitte, Enrique M. Ministerio de Agricultura. Sección de Geología, Mineralogía y Minería; Argentina. | Fil: Fourous, Adolfo. Ministerio de Agricultura. Sección de Geología, Mineralogía y Minería; Argentina.

"Se utilizó el método de la covarianza eddy para realizar mediciones de flujo de calor sensible, calor latente y flujo de bióxido de carbono (CO2) sobre el dosel de una huerta de nogal pecanero del Norte de México. También se obtuvo la radiación neta, flujo de calor en la superficie del suelo y la energía almacenada vii en la capa de aire y vegetación (de la superficie a la altura promedio de los árboles). Con esta información se obtuvo el balance de energía sobre el dosel de los árboles, la lámina de agua diaria evapotranspirada, el intercambio neto de bióxido de carbono entre el ecosistema (suelo – vegetación) de la huerta de nogal (NEE) y la eficiencia intrínseca del uso del agua por el ecosistema vege tal. Los resultados de la investigación indicaron que La huerta de nogal evalua da mostró un alto potencia de secuestro de carbono, ya que la asimilación de CO2 por el ecosistema (NEE durante el día) fue aproximadamente 3 veces ma yor que la liberación (NEE durante la noche). El valor de la retención promedio diaria (mayo a julio) de CO2 se obtuvo por la diferencia entre el NEE durante el día y el NEE durante la noche, y fue de -303.51 mmol CO2 m2. Esto correspon dió a 36.4 kg C ha-1 d-1 y considerando que el ciclo de mayor crecimiento es de mayo a septiembre (150 días), se tendría una retención de 5.46 t C ha-1 por ci clo de crecimiento. Este valor mostró la alta capacidad de secuestro de carbono que tiene este ecosistema, ya que fue aproximadamente igual a la tasa de re tención de carbono de un bosque boreal (39 kg C ha-1 d-1), pero mucho mayor que el reportado para un bosque de abeto negro (0.21 t C ha-1 a-1), ambos en Canada. La mayor retención de carbono del ecosistema se relacionó más con valores menores de respiración nocturna, que con valores altos de asimilación integrada durante el día. La tasa de respiración nocturna estuvo linealmente re lacionada con el incremento de la temperatura foliar. La eficiencia intrínseca del uso del agua (EUA) por el ecosistema fue de aproximadamente 2 mmolCO2 molH2O-1 valor mayor que el observado en un viii bosque caducifolio (0.6135) y el de una sabana abierta (0.920), pero menor que el observado en un cultivo de cobertura completa. Para el rango de valores de evapotranspiración registrados en este estudio, se observó una relación lineal decreciente entre EUA y la lámina de agua evapotranspirada. " | "The eddy covariance method was used to make flux measurements of sensible and latent heat flux and carbon dioxide flux (CO2) above the canopy of an orchard of pecan nut of Northern Mexico. Net radiation, soil heat flux and the energy stored in the layer of air and vegetation (from the surface to the canopy height) was also measured. With this information, the energy balance above de canopy, the daily depth of water evapotranspirated, the carbon dioxide net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and the intrinsic water use efficiency by the ecosystem was obtained. The results of this study showed that the pecan nut orchard evaluated had a high potential of carbon sequestration, since the assi-milation of CO2 by the ecosystem (NEE at daytime) was approximately 3 times bigger than the release (NEE at nighttime). The average value of the daily car-bon retention by the ecosystem was obtained by the difference between NEE during daytime and NEE during nighttime and was of 303.51 mmolCO2 m2. This corresponded to 36.4 kg C ha-1 d-1, considering that the stage of main growth is from May to September (150 days) it was equivalent to 5.46 t C ha-1 per stage of growth. This value showed the potential of carbon sequestration of this ecosys-tem, since it was approximately equals to the rate of carbon retention of a boreal forest (39 kg C ha-1 d-1), but much higher than the one reported for a boreal black spruce forest (0.21 t C ha-1 a-1) both form Canada. The highest carbon re-tention by the ecosystem was more related with small values of dark respiration than with high values of carbon assimilation during daytime. The rate of dark respiration was linearly related with the increase of leaf temperature. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE) by the ecosystem was approx-imately 2 mmolCO2 molH2O-1, this value was higher than the one observed in a deciduous forest (0.6135) and open savanna (0.920), but smaller than the one observed in a crop of full cover. For the range of values of evapotranspi-ration registered in this study, a decreasing lineal relation between WUE and depth of water evapotranspirated was observed"

Proyecto de Graduación (Licenciatura en Ingeniería Ambiental) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Ambiental, 2014. | The Community of Monte Rey is a small settlement where there are 29 plots. At least half of the plots presented serious problems with drinking water for the presence of soluble iron, which has led to the rejection of water for human consumption and the progressive deterioration of the sanitary fittings and plumbing, the metallic taste of the water, turbidity and colour. Each plot has an excavated well without coating, generally with a minimum of 4 m and a maximum of 15 m depth The physico-chemical and microbiological quality of the water taken from a kitchen faucet for each plot connected to each well was determined for a total of household nine samples, in order to know the original quality of the water that the inhabitants are consuming and propose an alternative to level based on that diagnostic. The preliminary diagnostics demonstrated that four samples exceeded the maximum levels admissible for iron (1,39; 1,20; 1,00; 0,80 mg/L) and one sample for manganese (0,60 mg/L), and eight samples reached a turbidity of higher than 1 NTU. In addition, one sample had a significant measurement of chloride (26, 30 mg/L). According to the analysis of organophosphorus, carbamates, organochlorines and paraquat, pesticides were not detected in any sample.Furthermore, on a bacteriological level, one sample was considered potable. After the analysis, it was designed and built a home filtration system to remove iron. Finally, the inflow and outflow of the implemented filtration system was evaluated to check the efficiency of the proposed treatment. The purification system implemented was made of two pretreatment units: tank 1(diffuser system) and tank 2 (sedimentation tank); two secondary treatment units: tank 3 (rapid filter) and tank 4 (slow sand filtration) ; and one storage unit of filtrated water. An evaluation system implemented in December 2013, which consisted in taking two samples (input and output) of the prototype, the values reported in the input of the system were: iron 1,39 mg/L, 48 NTU turbidity and manganese 0,17 mg/L; in the output, iron 0,39 mg/L, 16,38 NTU turbidity and manganese 0,16 mg/L. The iron removal efficiency was of 71% during a week since the system operates, results slightly exceeding the value set by the existing standard (0,3 mg/L).However further iron analysis of the water out of the filtration system is recommended to achieve values under the established norm. Part of this study is not to evaluate the prototype as such, but it gets a benefit for its construction, which is experiencing for the first time at a property in the area of Cariari (Pococi, Limon), the decrease of iron to the output of the installed model. In view of the lack of budget at the end of the period in which the project was planing, not continued further testing in the laboratory and not hydraulic character assessments. Technical and complete filtration system evaluation can be proposed by other students who wish to know the variables and behaviour of household filters. For the evaluation of the efficiency of the system, both in the iron removal properties hydraulic homemade filters over time, it is recommended to carry out another investigation of monitoring the quality of water after each component of the filtration system and study in more detail the behaviour of physical and chemical processes that occur. | Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Ambiental.