III Concurso de Fotografía. "Problemáticas ambientales en entornos urbanos" (Tercer Puesto). Se trata de un canal de agua que pasa por CENFER y por el terminal de trasporte de Bucaramanga, en el que se evidencia contaminación por químicos en el agua produciendo una gran cantidad de espuma que puede ser producida por altas cantidades de detergentes y surfactantes. | III Photography Contest. "Environmental problems in urban environments" (Third Place). This is a water channel that passes through CENFER and the Bucaramanga transportation terminal, in which chemical contamination is evident in the water, producing a large amount of foam that can be produced by high amounts of detergents and surfactants. | Modalidad Presencial

Climate change is at the top of the development agenda in Central America. This region, together with the Caribbean, is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change in Latin America. Climate change is manifesting itself through higher average temperatures and more frequent droughts that result in higher water stress, and through the rising frequency of extreme weather events such as tropical storms, hurricanes, floods and landslides, all of which pose significant challenges in the rural water supply and sanitation sector. The paper starts with a review of the historic data on temperature and precipitation trends in Central America and particularly at the regional level in Nicaragua. The data reveal a clear trend of the growing climate variability, increased water stress for crops, and greater frequency of extreme weather events. The rising intensity and frequency of ex-treme weather events is among the most critical risks to the region's development agenda, and they translate into high economic losses. This paper examines the impacts and implications of potential climate change on water resources in Nicaragua and makes key recommendations to integrate climate change and rural water supply and sanitation policies and programs in a way that increase resilience to current and future climate conditions. | 0

River sediments have the capability to accumulate and absorb traces of anthropic environmental degradation. In this work, we investigated the effects of urban land use on the composition of physical sediment. For this purpose, sediment profiles were collected in the wet and dry seasons and in locations with mixed land-use. For the sediment analysis, particle size separation, organic matter degradation, visual analysis of the thickest fraction using a magnifying glass and stereomicroscope analysis of the particle size material corresponding to the sands were performed. It was observed that the sedimentation of synthetic materials and plastics (fragments and fibres) were the most frequently found materials. More intense urban occupation areas and with less riparian vegetation suffer more from this degradation than rural areas or areas with preserved riparian vegetation. The dam in the basin accumulates more materials (macro and microplastics) and has the role of containing and preventing these residues from being transported downstream. The importance of investing in environmental management measures is emphasized, and based on the sampled sites assessed, the restoration of riparian vegetation, greater inspection of inadequate waste disposal and public cleaning actions are suggested, including actions in the Tibiriçá dam.

Se comentan los efectos de una utilizacion intensiva de los rios por parte del hombre y los motivos para su restauracion, atendiendo a los recursos y valores que ofrecen. La agricultura supone una actividad de gran repercusion economica, a escala mundial, y requiere grandes inversiones para el aprovechamiento de los recursos hidricos, teniendo un gran impacto tanto en la gestion de cuencas vertientes, como en la de los sistemas fluviales propiamente dichos. Las tecnicas de restauracion de los rios afectados por la agricultura deben estar basadas en estrategias de "bio-asimilacion", donde se plantea el establecimiento de bandas protectoras de vegetacion riparia ("buffer strips") a lo largo de su trazado.