La importancia de la sequía sobre la agricultura de regadío es el fundamento de este artículo que analiza y evalúa el riesgo de escasez de agua sobre el resultado económico de este tipo de agricultura. El objetivo es controlar en tiempo real dicho riesgo. Se estiman diversos modelos de regresión que explican la productividad del regadío a través de un índice de precios ponderado para los principales cultivos, la tendencia y la disponibilidad de agua. Estos modelos, que se corrigen por auto-correlación, muestran una buena capacidad explicativa. En segundo lugar se llevan a cabo simulaciones ex-ante de la productividad del regadío empleando funciones ajustadas del balance de agua. Este marco metodológico proporciona la base para un sistema de gestión del riesgo de sequía en tiempo real a través de funciones de distribución de los resultados económicos esperados, que pueden ser revisadas de manera mensual antes del inicio de la campaña de riegos. Los resultados de la simulación demuestran que se pueden anticipar los efectos de las sequías, y por tanto, servir a los gestores del agua como complemento de los modelos hidrológicos para gestionar las reservas de agua en los años de escasez. Se identifican diferentes perfiles de riesgo. Por ejemplo en Genil-Cabra se comprueba la alta resiliencia del sistema después de eventos de sequía, mientras que en La Plana de Castellón el riesgo de abandono de tierras de regadío ha aumentado. En Genil-Cabra las pérdidas estimadas para la sequía de 2007 equivalen a 60 millones de euros. El modelo se aplica en algunas de las comunidades de regantes agrícolamente más relevantes de España. | The importance of water scarcity in irrigated agriculture in Spain provides the rationale for this paper, which analyses and evaluates the risk of water shortage on the economic result of this kind of agriculture. The main objective is to monitor this risk on a real-time basis. For this aim, we first estimated a number of regression models that explain irrigated agricultural productivity based on crop price indices, a time trend and water availability. These models, which correct for auto-correlation, yield good explanatory power. Second we carried out ex ante simulations of agricultural productivity using fitted distribution functions of water balance. The risk model framework provides the basis for a real time drought management system through a variety of distribution functions of expected economic results, which can be revised on a monthly basis before the beginning of the irrigation season. The results of the simulation show how this kind of risk model can be used to anticipate the effects of droughts and complement the hydrological models used to manage water storage in years of scarcity. Different risk profiles are identified. For example, in Genil-Cabra we found that the resilience of the system after a drought period is very high, whereas in La Plana de Castellón the risk of irrigation area abandonment is increasing year by year. In Genil-Cabra the estimated losses were 60 million euros in 2007. The models were applied to some of the most agriculturally relevant irrigation districts in Spain.

Water quality monitoring is used to determine the impact of human activities on the environment. We evaluated water quality in the Água Boa stream, located within the municipality of Dourados, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, by analyzing physico-chemical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, as well as chlorophyll concentrations. Five sets of water samples were collected between December 2012 and November 2013 from three locations within the stream. The results showed the presence of Escherichia coli and antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas spp. strains and high concentrations of organic matter (total dissolved solids), inorganic species (Mg, Ca, and Fe), and agrochemical residues (thiamethoxam). The main stream water contaminants are derived from urban, industrial, and agricultural activities within the watershed. Given the presence of contaminants, it is important that such findings are disseminated in order to highlight the risks that contact with this water may pose to human health. To preserve the environment and improve site conditions, people would need to participate by demanding that normative national and international standards be respected and that the situation be supervised by the competent governmental agencies; this would make it possible to reverse or minimize contamination problems within the Água Boa stream.

En el presente estudio se realizó una evaluación de los riesgos potenciales sobre la calidad del agua de la fuente de abastecimiento del acueducto rural El Tobal, bajo los lineamientos propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para la elaboración de Planes de Seguridad del Agua. Para realizar la evaluación se siguió un método semicuantitativo basado en matrices de riesgo (De Deere, 2001) adoptado por la OMS, para el cual se determinaron primero todos los peligros de tipo biológico, físico y microbiológico asociados con la captación que están afectando a la seguridad del agua; luego se determinaron todos los eventos peligrosos que pueden contaminar el agua, comprometer su seguridad o interrumpir el abastecimiento; y posteriormente se evaluaron los riesgos asociados a dichos eventos. Se pudo determinar que los dos eventos peligrosos con mayor clasificación de riesgo fueron ganadería y agricultura al ser los que mayor probabilidad de ocurrencia y efectos adversos sobre la salud humana tienen. Para la estimación de la calidad del agua de la Quebrada El Salitre se tomaron tres puntos de muestreo, a lo largo de su cauce, con el fin de realizar un análisis de las características físico-químicas y microbiológicas, observando incumplimiento en 4 de los parámetros medidos en sus valores máximos permisibles(turbiedad, Coliformes totales, E. Coli, hierro), de acuerdo con la Resolución 2115 de 2007; así mismo se tuvieron en cuenta parámetros sugeridos por las guías de calidad del agua de la OMS. Como herramienta para la toma de decisiones por parte de la entidad prestadora del servicio se diseñó un mapa por cada evento peligroso en donde, se localizaron los predios con su respectiva clasificación de riesgo de acuerdo a lo encontrado en la implementación de las fichas prediales y visitas de inspección. | In the present study, an assessment was made of the potential risks to the water quality of the supply source of the El Tobal rural aqueduct, under the guidelines proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the elaboration of Water. A semiquantitative approach based on risk matrices (De Deere, 2001) adopted by WHO was followed to assess the biological, physical and microbiological hazards associated with the uptake that are affecting the Water safety; Then determined all the dangerous events that can contaminate the water, compromise its security or interrupt the supply; And subsequently assessed the risks associated with such events. It was possible to determine that the two dangerous events with the highest risk classification were livestock and agriculture as the ones that are most likely to occur and have adverse effects on human health. For the estimation of the water quality of the El Salitre Gully, three sampling points were taken, along its course, in order to perform an analysis of the physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics, observing non-compliance in 4 of the parameters Measured at maximum permissible values (turbidity, total coliforms, E. coli, iron), according to Resolution 2115 of 2007; As well as parameters suggested by the WHO water quality guidelines. As a tool for decision-making by the entity providing the service, a map was designed for each dangerous event where the properties were located with their respective risk classification according to what was found in the implementation of the property files and visits Of inspection. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado

The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of groundwater pollution through a risk map creation and analysis from the "Semicírculo de cenotes" and "Zona costera" hydrogeological regions in the State of Yucatan, Mexico. The risk map was obtained from vulnerability and hazard maps. The vulnerability was evaluated considering the seven variables that compose the DRASTIC method: D, depth; R, net recharge; A, lithology and media structure of the aquifer; S, soil type; T, topography; I, impact of vadose zone; and C, hydraulic conductivity. The information used in the application of this methodology was obtained from public sources and through literature review. The hazard map was developed based on the potential sources of hazardous waste generation in the region of study. The results showed the presence of a vulnerability classified as high, very high and extreme; additionally, a greater hazard was observed for the municipalities of Merida, Progreso and Dzidzantún, representing a very high risk of aquifer contamination. | El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el riesgo de contaminación del agua subterránea mediante la generación y análisis del mapa de riesgo de las regiones hidrogeológicas "Semicírculo de cenotes" y "Zona costera" en el estado de Yucatán, México. El mapa de riesgo se obtuvo a partir de los mapas de vulnerabilidad y peligrosidad. La vulnerabilidad se evaluó con base en las siete variables que integran el método DRASTIC: D, profundidad; R, recarga neta; A, litología y estructura media del acuífero; S, tipo de suelo; T, topografía; I, impacto a la zona vadosa; y C, conductividad hidráulica. La información para la aplicación de esta metodología se obtuvo de fuentes públicas y a través de una revisión bibliográfica. El mapa de peligrosidad se elaboró con base en las fuentes potenciales de generación de residuos peligrosos de la región de estudio. Los resultados mostraron que existe una vulnerabilidad clasificada como alta, muy alta y extrema; asimismo, se observó que la peligrosidad fue mayor para los municipios de Mérida, Progreso y Dzidzantún representando un riesgo muy alto de contaminación para el acuífero.

Em decorrência da atual pressão econômica sobre os agricultores, da crescente competição pelo uso da água e dos impactos ambientais, deverá ocorrer uma mudança de paradigma no manejo da irrigação, enfocando-se mais a eficiência econômica do que a exigência de água pela cultura. Desta forma, considerando a importância sócio-econômicaque o feijão tem no Brasil, associado ao fato de tratar-se de uma cultura de elevado padrão de risco devido à grande sensibilidade tanto ao déficit hídrico quanto ao excesso de água, a realização de trabalhos utilizando-se técnicas de otimização no manejo da irrigação de feijão torna-se cada vez mais necessário. Neste trabalho objetivou-se propor um método para determinar a quantidade ótima de irrigação, considerando diferentes combinações entre receita líquida esperada para a cultura do feijoeiro e nível de risco, obtendo uma relação entre a receita líquida esperada, associada a um certo grau de risco econômico, e as lâminas de irrigação, quando o único fator limitante à produção é a disponibilidade hídrica.<br><br>Nowadays, the rising competition for the use of water and environmental resources with consequent restrictions for farmers should change the paradigm in terms of irrigation concepts, or rather, in order to attain economical efficiency other than to supply water requirement for the crop. Therefore, taking into account the social and economical role of bean activity in Brazil, as well as the risk inherent to crop due to its high sensibility to both deficit and excessive water, the optimization methods regarding to irrigation management have become more interesting and essential. This study intends to present a way to determine the optimal water supply, considering different combinations between desired bean yield and level of risk, bringing as a result a graph with the former associated with the latter, depending on different water depths.

La elaboración de esta tesis de maestría ha sido llevada a cabo con el propósito de dar un aporte a la comunidad científica relacionada con la investigación en la gestión de riesgos, así como brindar de amplios conocimientos a las diferentes instituciones oficiales y privadas que realizan la operación, vigilancia, control y asistencia técnica a los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable en Colombia. | Magíster en Hidrosistemas | Maestría

Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) is the etiologic agent of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which typically affects children ranging in age from six months to five years old. Transmission is produced by consumption of contaminated food, by direct contact with animals or the environment and from person to person. In previous studies we determined that the environment of a dairy farm is a non-animal reservoir; thus, we proposed to study the survival of 4 VTEC isolates (O20:H19; O91:H21; O157:H7 and O178:H19) in sterile water troughs and bovine feces by viable bacteria count and detection of virulence genes by PCR. It was demonstrated that the survival of different VTEC isolates (O157 and non-O157) varied in terms of their own characteristics as well as of the environmental conditions where they were found. The main differences between isolates were their survival time and the maximal counts reached. The competitive and adaptive characteristics of some isolates increase the infection risk for people that are visiting or working on a farm, as well as the risk for reinfection of the animals and food contamination.

En este proyecto de investigación se expone la problemática que se presenta en un acueducto rural del departamento de Cundinamarca, en lo referente al acceso al agua y los permisos exigidos por la normatividad colombiana. En el desarrollo del proyecto se realiza una revisión de los aspectos contenidos y exigidos en las leyes vigentes referentes a la elaboración de los mapas de riesgo de las fuentes de agua para consumo humano identificando las instituciones responsables de la elaboración de los mapas de riesgo. Con base en lo encontrado en la revisión de la normatividad referentes, se realiza una identificación y análisis de los aspectos críticos generadores de dicha problemática más relevantes sobre los cuales es importante realizar una intervención. Como propuesta se definen los parámetros de información más relevantes y complementarios, y se proyectan estrategias orientadas a fortalecer los aspectos técnicos e institucionales para que las instituciones y las asociaciones de acueductos rurales en conjunto puedan elaborar los mapas de riesgo de las fuentes de agua para consumo humano con el fin de lograr los permisos exigidos para el acceso al agua. Se exponen los resultados de un estudio de caso de carácter descriptivo y observacional que permita formular estrategias de fortalecimiento para la elaboración del mapa de riesgo de las fuentes de agua para consumo humano. Este proyecto se relaciona con la línea de investigación de “Dinámicas de la planificación ambiental del desarrollo” de la Especialización en Ambiente y Desarrollo Local ya que con su desarrollo se busca sistematizar dinámicas relacionadas con los patrones, estructuras y procesos aplicadas al contexto local del acueducto objeto de estudio. | In this research project, the problem that arises in a rural aqueduct in the department of Cundinamarca is exposed, in relation to access to water and the permits required by Colombian regulations. In the development of the project, a review of the aspects contained and required in the current laws regarding the elaboration of risk maps of water sources for human consumption is carried out, identifying the institutions responsible for the elaboration of risk maps. Based on what was found in the review of the referring regulations, an identification and analysis of the most relevant critical aspects that generate said problem on which it is important to carry out an intervention is carried out. As a proposal, the most relevant and complementary information parameters are defined, and strategies aimed at strengthening the technical and institutional aspects are projected so that the institutions and associations of rural aqueducts together can prepare the risk maps of the sources of water for consumption. in order to obtain the permits required for access to water. The results of a descriptive and observational case study are presented, which allow the formulation of strengthening strategies for the elaboration of the risk map of water sources for human consumption. This project is related to the research line of "Dynamics of environmental development planning" of the Specialization in Environment and Local Development, since its development seeks to systematize dynamics related to patterns, structures and processes applied to the local context of the aqueduct. object of study.