Studies have been carried out on efficient water use in irrigation. The present study evaluates the yield of cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L. r. latifolium Hutch), and the use of water for different irrigation strategies. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions, and the cultivar used was CNPA-7H Precocious grown in plastic pots; each pot contained 20 kg of dry soil. The irrigation strategies were selected by taking into account the available water in the soil, the irrigation frequency and the irrigation suppression during flowering and boll development. Water consumption, boll weight, yield, harvest index and water use efficiency were evaluated and the results showed that water consumption resulting from the irrigation strategies used brought expressive variations in the studied parameters. In all strategies, irrigation suppression was the decisive factor in evaluating the water use efficiency.<br>Estudos vêm sendo realizados com o objetivo de se estabelecer maior economia de água no manejo da irrigação sem, no entanto, prejudicar o rendimento das culturas, o que serviu de base para a realização do presente trabalho, visando-se avaliar o rendimento do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L. r. latifolium Hutch) e a eficiência no uso da água pela cultura, sob diferentes estratégias de irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se da cultivar CNPA-7H Precoce, cultivada em vaso plástico, contendo 20 kg de solo seco ao ar. As estratégias de irrigação foram estabelecidas levando-se em consideração a água disponível no solo, a frequência de irrigação e a supressão da irrigação na floração e no desenvolvimento das maçãs. Avaliaram-se: consumo de água, peso de capulho, rendimento, índice de colheita e eficiência no uso da água e, segundo os resultados obtidos, o consumo hídrico, influenciado pelas estratégias de irrigação, proporcionou variações expressivas em todos os parâmetros estudados, sendo a época da supressão da irrigação o fator determinante sobre a eficiência de uso da água.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de plantio direto e convencional e estratégias de manejo de plantas daninhas na economia de água de irrigação na cultura do melão (Cucumis melo), conduziu-se um experimento na horta didática do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, em Mossoró-RN, utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas foram avaliados dois sistemas de plantio (plantio direto e convencional) e, nas subparcelas, três sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas (cobertura com filme de polietileno, mantido no limpo por meio de capinas e testemunha sem capinas). Avaliaram-se a densidade e a massa seca das plantas daninhas aos 30 dias após o transplante, a produtividade comercial e total e o consumo diário de água. O manejo da água foi realizado mediante a curva característica de água no solo para cada sistema de plantio a 15 e 30 cm de profundidade, e o controle da lâmina de água foi feito com base na leitura diária de um conjunto de tensiômetros instalados nas mesmas profundidades, de modo que se mantivesse a umidade do solo sempre acima de 75% da água disponível total. A partir da produtividade e do consumo de água, determinou-se a eficiência no uso da água (EUA), dada em kg m-3. Verificou-se que o sistema de plantio direto na palha reduziu a densidade populacional e a massa seca acumulada pelas plantas daninhas em 86,7 e 61%, respectivamente, em relação ao plantio convencional, e a interferência destas reduziu a produtividade comercial em 100% no plantio convencional e 36,5% no direto. A cobertura do solo com filme de polietileno no plantio convencional e no plantio direto e a palhada no plantio direto reduziram o consumo de água em 23% (388,8 m³ ha-1), 21% (363,0 m³ ha-1) e 13% (215,0 m³ ha-1), respectivamente, em relação ao tratamento com capinas no plantio convencional. A cobertura do solo com filme de polietileno nos dois sistemas de plantio ou com cobertura morta no plantio direto aumentou a eficiência no uso da água em relação ao solo sem cobertura. No tratamento sem capinas no sistema de plantio convencional, além da perda total na produtividade comercial, a interferência das plantas daninhas aumentou o consumo de água em 9,6%.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the conventional and no-tillage systems and weed management strategies on water use efficiency in melon crop (Cucumis melo). Thus, an experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in split-plots in Mossoró-RN. The plots were constituted of two tillage systems (conventional and no-tillage) and the sub-plots of three weed management systems (plastic mulch, weeding, and no weeding). Density and dry weight of the weeds at 30 days after transplanting, commercial and total yield and daily consumption of water were evaluated. Irrigation management was performed by the characteristic soil water curve for each cropping system at 15 and 30 cm of depth and water control by daily reading a set of tensiometers installed to keep the soil above 75% of field capacity. Water use efficiency (USA), given in kg of fruit per m3, was determined based on the crop's yield and water consumption. It was found that the no-tillage system reduced weed density and dry matter in 86.7 and 61%, respectively, compared to conventional tillage, and weed interference reduced commercial yield by 100% under conventional tillage and 36.5% under no-tillage. Soil with plastic mulch under no-tillage and conventional systems, and straw mulching under no-tillage reduced water consumption by 23% (388.8 m3 ha-1), 21% (363.0 m3 ha-1) and 13% (215.0 m3 ha-1), respectively, compared to the weeding treatment under conventional tillage. Soil with plastic mulch under the two tillage systems, or straw mulching under no-tillage increased the efficiency of water use from the ground without cover. In the no-weeding treatment under conventional tillage, weed interference caused total productivity loss and increased water consumption by 9.6%.

El PNN Chingaza ha venido adaptando e implementando el Plan Integral de Manejo Ambiental (PIMA). Fundado en las estrategias: “Chingaza residuos cero” y “Uso y ahorro eficiente del agua” el PNN Chingaza busca minimizar los residuos que se generan en el parque y acabar el malgasto de agua que producen algunas de las actividades del parque. La presente pasantía apoyó técnica, logística y operativamente el plan de saneamiento básico incluido en el PIMA formulado por el PNN Chingaza. En cinco visitas al parque se realizaron actividades de reconocimiento: en donde se conoció cada uno de los puestos que conforman el parque; indagación: sobre los conocimientos de los funcionarios acerca de los planes de saneamiento ambiental que manejan; e implementando: diseños que contribuirán a la disminución de la afectación antrópica para los diferentes puestos de control. El desarrollo de las actividades dio como resultado la propuesta de un diseño de calendario para saneamiento ambiental, el diseño de camas de secado con el fin de contribuir en el proceso de compostaje, la propuesta de un esquema de separación en la fuente y el estudio de la cantidad de agua que utilizan algunas de las actividades de los funcionarios del parque. Durante el trabajo realizado se evidencio como problemática la duración de la transformación de la materia orgánica en abono, lo cual hacía deficiente el proceso de compostaje, con el fin de mejorar la situación expuesta se diseñaron e implementaron tres camas de secado, las cuales después de una correcta utilización ayudarán a reducir el tiempo de transformación, buscando que el proceso sea eficaz en su ciclo. | The PNN Chingaza has been adapting and implementing the Comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (PIMA). Based on the strategies: "Chingaza zero waste" and "Use and efficient water saving" the PNN Chingaza seeks to minimize the waste generated in the park and end the waste of water produced by some of the park's activities. This internship supported technical, logistic and operationally the basic sanitation plan included in the PIMA formulated by the PNN Chingaza. In five visits to the park, recognition activities were carried out: where each of the posts that make up the park was known; inquiry: on the knowledge of the officials about the environmental sanitation plans they handle; and implementing: designs that will contribute to the reduction of anthropic affectation for the different control posts. The development of the activities resulted in the proposal of a calendar design for environmental sanitation, the design of drying beds in order to contribute to the composting process, the proposal of a separation scheme at the source and the study of the amount of water used by some of the activities of park officials. During the work carried out, the duration of the transformation of the organic matter into fertilizer became problematic, which made the composting process deficient, in order to improve the exposed situation, three drying beds were designed and implemented, which after Correct use will help reduce the time of transformation, looking for the process to be effective in its cycle. | Parques Nacionales Naturales

El Programa de Uso Eficiente y Ahorro del Agua, según establece la Ley 373 de 1997 es un conjunto de proyectos y acciones que deben elaborar y adoptar las entidades encargadas de la prestación de los servicios de acueducto; se realiza como instrumento estratégico para regular el actual uso del recurso hídrico a través de las actividades que se realizan a diario, permitiendo la implementación de lineamientos básicos de administración y operación en ACUAPILAS, en consecuencia el objetivo de la pasantía es la realización de un diagnóstico que permita la caracterización de la fuente de abastecimiento, hábitos de consumo y estimación de pérdidas; como instrumento de medición cualitativa y cuantitativa que permita formular el PUEAA mediante la implementación de los siete programas expuestos en el Acuerdo 004 de 2017, con enfoque en el uso eficiente y racional del agua. | The Program for Efficient Use and Water Saving, as established by Law 373 of 1997 is a set of projects and actions that must be developed and adopted by the entities responsible for the provision of aqueduct services; It is carried out as a strategic instrument to regulate the current use of the water resource through the activities that are carried out daily, allowing the implementation of basic administration and operation guidelines in ACUAPILAS, consequently the objective of the internship is to carry out a diagnosis that allows the characterization of the supply source, consumption habits and loss estimation; as a qualitative and quantitative measurement instrument that allows the formulation of the PUEAA through the implementation of the seven programs set forth in Agreement 004 of 2017, with a focus on the efficient and rational use of water. | CORPORACIÓN PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO RACIONAL DEL AGUA DE LAS VEREDAS LA YEGUERA, LAS PILAS, TIBAGOTA Y EL SANTUARIO ACUAPILAS

El programa de ahorro y uso eficiente del agua – PAUEA, es una herramienta enfocada a la optimización del uso que se le da al recurso hídrico, conformado a su vez, por un conjunto de acciones encaminadas a la sostenibilidad del recurso a través de actividades orientadas al cumplimiento de objetivos a corto y mediano plazo, abarcando un amplio rango de los ejes temáticos dentro de la organización. El presente documento contiene la formulación de la primera versión del programa de ahorro y uso eficiente del agua, el cual es el conjunto de acciones que Lantania Aguas SLU Sucursal Colombia como organización usuaria del recurso hídrico, debe elaborar y adoptar con el fin de incentivar el uso eficiente del agua en todas las actividades asociadas a los servicios que se prestan como organización prestadora de servicios operativos en plantas de tratamiento de agua; por medio del establecimiento de objetivos, estrategias, metas, indicadores y líneas de acción estratégica para el manejo del recurso hídrico. | Introducción 1. Título de la investigación 2. Problema de investigación 2.1. Descripción del problema 2.2. Formulación del problema 3. Objetivos de la investigación 3.1. Objetivo general 3.2. Objetivos específicos 4. Justificación y delimitación de la investigación 4.1. Justificación 4.2. Delimitación 5. Marco de referencia de la investigación 5.1. Marco teórico 5.2. Marco legal 6. Tipo de investigación 7. Diseño metodológico 8. Fuentes para la obtención de información 8.1. Fuentes primarias 8.2. Fuentes secundarias 9. Recursos 10. Cronograma 11. Resultados 12. Análisis de resultados 13. Conclusiones 14. Recomendaciones 15. Referencias (bibliografía) 16. Anexos | 1° Ed. | Pregrado | Ingeniero en Ambiental | Ingeniería Ambiental

Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia | Due to increased environmental awareness and water costs, industries have increase the need to optimize the use of water by selecting production processes more efficient, with lower water consumption or through a treatment and recirculation of water. This study comes from the Essilor Portugal need to reduce the environmental impact and costs of a water consumption of the main processes for producing ophthalmic lenses, but also the need to improve the quality of the water process due the quality requirements. One of the processes of water treating with an increased use in industrial sector, particularly in processes that require water with very stringent quality characteristics, is reverse osmosis. This process, thanks to its numerous advantages, including the high capacity and effectiveness of treatment, occupying small areas, unnecessary regeneration and energy efficiency has proven to be an economically viable technology. The objectives of this study are based on the evaluation of the environmental and financial benefits due the implementation of water treatment and recirculation by reverse osmosis, in processes of manufacturing of ophthalmic lenses, and also the analysis and optimization of operating conditions. With this system, of water treatment and recirculation, there was a significant improvement in the quality of the water for cleaning of ophthalmic lenses in the coating process (the most demanding in terms of water quality) which serves to protect the surfaces of the lenses from knocks and scratches, giving them hardness and abrasion resistance. The water needs, to clean lenses in the coating process is crucial, to ensure the pre-cleaning of the lens surface before application of the coating and quality of the product, and after the treatment system implementation there were some improvements of the coating process quality service, in terms of non quality costs and process yield. From the analysis of the environmental benefits of the project, we can verifier that there is a reduction of consumption of resources and materials, which translate into a significant positive impact, combined with reduced consumption of water and energy. The present study showed that reverse osmosis is an technology treatment, economically and environmentally feasible for the specific conditions of the project in question, allowing rapid coverage of the initial investment, managing to generate a rate return much higher than the capital cost.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de plantio direto e convencional e estratégias de manejo de plantas daninhas na economia de água de irrigação na cultura do melão (Cucumis melo), conduziu-se um experimento na horta didática do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, em Mossoró-RN, utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas foram avaliados dois sistemas de plantio (plantio direto e convencional) e, nas subparcelas, três sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas (cobertura com filme de polietileno, mantido no limpo por meio de capinas e testemunha sem capinas). Avaliaram-se a densidade e a massa seca das plantas daninhas aos 30 dias após o transplante, a produtividade comercial e total e o consumo diário de água. O manejo da água foi realizado mediante a curva característica de água no solo para cada sistema de plantio a 15 e 30 cm de profundidade, e o controle da lâmina de água foi feito com base na leitura diária de um conjunto de tensiômetros instalados nas mesmas profundidades, de modo que se mantivesse a umidade do solo sempre acima de 75% da água disponível total. A partir da produtividade e do consumo de água, determinou-se a eficiência no uso da água (EUA), dada em kg m-3. Verificou-se que o sistema de plantio direto na palha reduziu a densidade populacional e a massa seca acumulada pelas plantas daninhas em 86,7 e 61%, respectivamente, em relação ao plantio convencional, e a interferência destas reduziu a produtividade comercial em 100% no plantio convencional e 36,5% no direto. A cobertura do solo com filme de polietileno no plantio convencional e no plantio direto e a palhada no plantio direto reduziram o consumo de água em 23% (388,8 m³ ha-1), 21% (363,0 m³ ha-1) e 13% (215,0 m³ ha-1), respectivamente, em relação ao tratamento com capinas no plantio convencional. A cobertura do solo com filme de polietileno nos dois sistemas de plantio ou com cobertura morta no plantio direto aumentou a eficiência no uso da água em relação ao solo sem cobertura. No tratamento sem capinas no sistema de plantio convencional, além da perda total na produtividade comercial, a interferência das plantas daninhas aumentou o consumo de água em 9,6%. | The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the conventional and no-tillage systems and weed management strategies on water use efficiency in melon crop (Cucumis melo). Thus, an experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in split-plots in Mossoró-RN. The plots were constituted of two tillage systems (conventional and no-tillage) and the sub-plots of three weed management systems (plastic mulch, weeding, and no weeding). Density and dry weight of the weeds at 30 days after transplanting, commercial and total yield and daily consumption of water were evaluated. Irrigation management was performed by the characteristic soil water curve for each cropping system at 15 and 30 cm of depth and water control by daily reading a set of tensiometers installed to keep the soil above 75% of field capacity. Water use efficiency (USA), given in kg of fruit per m3, was determined based on the crop's yield and water consumption. It was found that the no-tillage system reduced weed density and dry matter in 86.7 and 61%, respectively, compared to conventional tillage, and weed interference reduced commercial yield by 100% under conventional tillage and 36.5% under no-tillage. Soil with plastic mulch under no-tillage and conventional systems, and straw mulching under no-tillage reduced water consumption by 23% (388.8 m3 ha-1), 21% (363.0 m3 ha-1) and 13% (215.0 m3 ha-1), respectively, compared to the weeding treatment under conventional tillage. Soil with plastic mulch under the two tillage systems, or straw mulching under no-tillage increased the efficiency of water use from the ground without cover. In the no-weeding treatment under conventional tillage, weed interference caused total productivity loss and increased water consumption by 9.6%.

El trabajo de grado expuesto se llevó a cabo en la vereda El Hato ubicada en la zona rural del municipio La Calera, Cundinamarca, se seleccionó esta zona de estudio puesto que cuenta con dos características las cuales son: la inexistencia de un sistema de acueducto y alcantarillado y la falta de disponibilidad de agua en épocas de verano. Teniendo en cuenta la problemática con la que cuenta la vereda El Hato, se proponen los lineamientos de formulación de un programa para el uso eficiente y ahorro del agua a partir de tres etapas, la primera es recopilar información relacionada con los hábitos de consumo de la vereda El Hato, las fuentes de abastecimiento cercanas, la calidad del agua de las mismas, las unidades de paisaje, el recorrido de la vía de acceso y el desarrollo de un balance hídrico, la segunda etapa radica en proponer las diversas orientaciones para hacer uso eficiente y ahorro del agua y la última consiste en desarrollar un plan de acción con base en la educación ambiental que podría ser implementado a la comunidad de la zona de estudio con la finalidad de corregir todas las falencias en El Hato con respecto a la captación, la conducción, la distribución, el almacenamiento y el consumo del recurso hídrico. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado | The exposed degree work was carried out in the village of El Hato located in the rural area of the municipality of La Calera, Cundinamarca, this study area was selected since it has two characteristics which are: the nonexistence of an aqueduct system and sewage and lack of water availability in summer. Taking into account the problems with the account of the village of El Hato, the guidelines for the formulation of a program for the efficient use and saving of water are proposed from three stages, the first is to collect information related to the consumption habits of the El Hato sidewalk, nearby sources of supply, their water quality, landscape units, the route of the access road and the development of a water balance, the second radical stage in proposing the various guidelines for making use of efficient and water saving and the latest consistency in developing an action plan based on environmental education that could be implemented in the community of the study area with the resolution of correcting all the shortcomings in El Hato with respect to catchment, the conduction, distribution, storage and consumption of water resources.

El presente proyecto de pasantía tuvo como finalidad la formulación del Programa de Uso Eficiente y Ahorro del Agua para el Casco Urbano Periférico Siatoya Vereda Boita perteneciente al Municipio de Sesquilé Cundinamarca, bajo los lineamientos de la Guía de Planeación del PUEAA establecido por la CAR y en cumplimiento de la Ley 373 de 1997, esto debido a que en el momento de adquirir la concesión de aguas, la Empresa de Servicios Públicos ACUASES S.A. también obtuvo como deber la implementación del Programa. Por lo anterior, se hizo inicialmente un reconocimiento y diagnóstico de la situación actual en cuanto a los componentes organizacional, operacional, social y biofísico del sistema de acueducto y de la población, esto por medio de encuestas y visitas de campo. Con el análisis de esta información obtenida a partir de la Matriz DOFA cruzada se procedió finalmente a la redacción del programa teniendo en cuenta las principales problemáticas encontradas. Las actividades se diseñaron con el fin de solventar dichos problemas, por ello, se plantean como principales las capacitaciones y/o campañas a los usuarios del sistema donde se haga la sensibilización del uso y cuidado del recurso agua así como del uso de Tecnologías de bajo consumo; además de la dotación de instrumentos de medición en el sistema de acueducto indispensables para la realización del balance hídrico del mismo. | The purpose of this internship project was to formulate the Program for the Efficient Use and Saving of Water for the Siatoya Vereda Boita Peripheral Urban Center belonging to the Municipality of Sesquilé Cundinamarca, under the guidelines of the PUEAA Planning Guide established by the CAR and in compliance with Law 373 of 1997, this due to the fact that at the time of acquiring the water concession, the Empresa de Servicios Públicos ACUASES SA It also obtained the implementation of the Program as a duty. Therefore, an initial recognition and diagnosis of the current situation in terms of the organizational, operational, social and biophysical components of the aqueduct system and the population was made, this through surveys and field visits. With the analysis of this information obtained from the crossed SWOT Matrix, the program was finally drafted taking into account the main problems encountered. The activities were designed in order to solve these problems, therefore, the main training and / or campaigns for users of the system where awareness of the use and care of the water resource as well as the use of low-energy technologies are raised. consumption; in addition to the provision of measuring instruments in the aqueduct system that are essential for carrying out its water balance. | Ingeniero Ambiental | http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co | Pregrado

El agua es fuente y motor de vida en el planeta, la calidad y disponibilidad del mismo, representa el consumo y abastecimiento para las actividades cotidianas del hombre, logrando un crecimiento económico y bienestar común. Colombia país catalogado por tener una gran riqueza hídrica, experimenta una crisis asociada a la escases del recurso, resultado del aumento de la necesidad de consumo, bien sea por el crecimiento demográfico o por el desperdicio del mismo que se presenta, otro factor que influye es la disminución de la oferta, ya que ésta depende de la cantidad de agua disponible, afectada por su distribución y su baja calidad. Ante toda esta problemática, el gobierno busca garantizar la sostenibilidad del agua a través de la llamada gestión del recurso hídrico, dándole participación a los Planes de Uso Eficiente y Ahorro de Agua- PUEAA, como herramienta de prevención, control y reporte del estado actual a nivel local y regional. En la contribución con el mejoramiento en la gestión desde la Orinoquia, se realiza la guía que permite orientar a las empresas de servicio de acueducto y alcantarillado, en la elaboración de los Planes de Uso eficiente y Ahorro de Agua PUEAA, donde posteriormente serán aprobadas por el ente regulador regional CORPORINOQUIA y reportadas a nivel nacional, con el fin de evaluar la situación del país en este aspecto y generar estrategias requeridas para su mejoramiento. Para la construcción de la guía se tomó como estudio de caso el municipio de Pore, ya que presenta un nivel de cumplimiento del 80% de los requerimientos de la autoridad ambiental. Posteriormente se identificaron las debilidades y se realizaron sugerencias para que a través de la implementación de la metodología de Marco Lógico publicada por la CEPAL, se complementara el plan del municipio y se pueda alcanzar un mayor nivel de cumplimiento con su aplicación. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado | Water is the source and engine of life on the planet, the quality and availability of water represents the consumption and supply for the daily activities of man, achieving economic growth and common welfare. Colombia, a country catalogued for having a great water wealth, is experiencing a crisis associated with the scarcity of the resource, as a result of the increase in the need for consumption, either by population growth or by the waste of it, another factor that influences is the decrease in supply, since it depends on the amount of water available, affected by its distribution and its low quality. Faced with all these problems, the government seeks to guarantee the sustainability of water through the so-called water resource management, giving participation to the Plans for Efficient Use and Saving of Water - PUEAA, as a tool for prevention, control and reporting of the current state at local and regional level. In order to contribute to the improvement of management in the Orinoco region, a guide was prepared to guide water and sewage service companies in the preparation of Water Efficient Use and Saving Plans (PUEAA), which will later be approved by the regional regulatory body CORPORINOQUIA and reported at the national level, with the purpose of evaluating the country's situation in this aspect and generating strategies required for its improvement. For the construction of the guide, the municipality of Pore was taken as a case study, since it has an 80% compliance level with the requirements of the environmental authority. Subsequently, weaknesses were identified and suggestions were made so that through the implementation of the Logical Framework methodology published by ECLAC, the municipality's plan could be complemented and a higher level of compliance could be achieved with its application.