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Investigación documental de tecnologías de producción agrícola en el cultivo de arroz (oryza sativa) para optimizar el uso del agua en el distrito de riego de el zulia, norte de santander Texte intégral
2021
Carrillo Romero, Miguel Angel | Suarez Rivero, Maikel
Localización del municipio de El Zulia en el departamento de Norte de Santander - Imagen satelital, El Zulia, Norte de Santander | El uso del agua para fines agrícolas ocupa el 70 % del recurso hídrico que se extrae en el mundo, y las actividades agrícolas representan una proporción aún mayor debido a la evapotranspiración de los cultivos. Dentro de los cultivos de mayor extensión y que consumen mayor cantidad de agua en el mundo, se encuentran los cultivos de arroz y trigo. En Colombia, como en muchos países, el arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es el segundo cereal con mayor área cosechada y un cultivo que ejerce una gran presión sobre el recurso hídrico. El sector agrícola en Colombia demanda anualmente 54% del agua consumida (19386 millones (M) de m3), de los cuales 4185 Mm3 son implementados para el cultivo de arroz y de estos, se estima que solo 962 Mm3 son consumidos de forma efectiva. Se estima que, en los distritos de riego de Norte de Santander, la demanda de agua para zonas inundables se encuentra entre 16000 y 30000 m3/ha-cosecha. Es por esta razón que este estudio se centró en documentar las tecnologías agronómicas viables que son utilizadas en la optimización del recurso hídrico como alternativa al desperdicio de agua en la producción arrocera específicamente del distrito de riego de El Zulia en Norte de Santander. Esto se desarrolló por medio de la descripción de las diferentes formas de optimización del agua y las opciones productivas para evitar el despilfarro del agua en el cultivo de arroz, adicional se detallaron las propuestas realizadas en Colombia para reducir el alto consumo de agua. Se encontró que, el uso de nuevas tecnologías y procesos tecnificados aunado con políticas públicas, campañas de educación ambiental y la diversificación de la producción son factores que llevan a un uso óptimo del recurso hídrico. | The use of water for agricultural purposes occupies 70% of the water resource that is extracted in the world, and agricultural activities represent an even greater proportion due to the evapotranspiration of crops. Among the largest crops and that consume the greatest amount of water in the world, are rice and wheat crops. In Colombia, as in many countries, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the second cereal with the largest harvested area and a crop that exerts great pressure on the water resource. The agricultural sector in Colombia demands 54% of the water consumed annually (19386 million (M) of m3), of which 4185 Mm3 are used for rice cultivation and of these, it is estimated that only 962 Mm3 are effectively consumed. It is estimated that, in the irrigation districts of Norte de Santander, the demand for water for flooded areas is between 16,000 and 30,000 m3 / ha-harvest. It is for this reason that this study focused on documenting viable agronomic technologies that are used in the optimization of water resources as an alternative to wasting water in rice production specifically in the El Zulia irrigation district in Norte de Santander. This was developed through the description of the different ways of optimizing water and productive options to avoid wasting water in rice cultivation, additionally, the proposals made in Colombia to reduce high water consumption were detailed. It was found that the use of new technologies and technical processes coupled with public policies, environmental education campaigns and the diversification of production are factors that lead to an optimal use of water resources.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Priorização de áreas para controle e redução de perdas reais em uma rede de distribuição de água, utilizando os métodos unicritério e multicritério para definição de riscos e mapeamento em GIS Texte intégral
2021
Santos, Michel Felipe | Dalsasso, Ramon Lucas | Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Florianópolis, 2021. | O combate às perdas reais de água nas redes de distribuição é um desafio em países em desenvolvimento, tanto do ponto de vista da precariedade das infraestruturas e da falta de profissionais capacitados, quanto pela inexistência de metodologias para auxiliar os tomadores de decisão nas escolhas das áreas que merecem prioridade para intervenções, sejam elas por meio de pesquisas ativas de vazamentos não visíveis, por projetos de controle de pressão, por investimentos em reabilitação de redes ou por programas de melhoria de qualidade de materiais e serviços. Nas redes de distribuição de água são diversos os critérios que interagem para influenciar no índice de perdas reais, como: a qualidade dos materiais e dos serviços de instalação da rede, as frequências de manutenções preventivas nos sistemas de controle de pressão, a qualidade e uso de sistemas de monitoramento, dentre outros. Com essas características, torna-se um típico ambiente complexo com grande quantidade de variáveis interagindo e impactando sobre o problema com pesos e relevâncias distintas. Nesses tipos de ambientes de múltiplas variáveis, a análise de decisão Multicritério pelo método de análise hierárquica de processos (AHP) tem se mostrado uma ferramenta promissora que permite a integração e mensuração de relevância pareada dos critérios disponíveis em processos de avaliação de alternativas em diversas áreas de atuação. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os resultados dos cálculos dos riscos de vazamentos pelo método multicritério AHP com os resultados de riscos de vazamentos calculados pelo método unicritério Fixed and Variable Area Discharge (FAVAD) com o propósito de verificar se a análise multicritério leva a obtenção de resultados diferentes e mais assertivos na priorização de áreas para controle de perdas reais comparada à análise unicritério. Para tanto, foi realizado o estudo aplicado em quatro regiões de abastecimento da rede de distribuição de água do SAMAE de Jaraguá do Sul, as quais somadas representam cerca de 30% das ligações totais do Sistema de Abastecimento de Água. No estudo foram avaliados seis critérios quantitativos e qualitativos com foco em desenvolver a metodologia AHP para determinar as regiões com maiores riscos de apresentarem vazamentos. Os resultados do método AHP foram comparados com os resultados da avaliação de priorização de área pelo método FAVAD, sendo que ambos os métodos tiveram suas assertividades aferidas tendo como linha de base os registros de vazamentos visíveis georreferenciados ocorridos no ano de 2019. O método Multicritério apresentou uma correlação mais forte com as ocorrências de vazamentos do que o método Unicritério, o que evidenciou que o método Multicritério apresentou maior assertividade. Por fim, foram gerados mapas das quatro regiões estudadas com a indicação das regiões mais susceptíveis aos vazamentos. | Abstract: Combating real water losses in distribution networks is a challenge in developing countries, both from the point of view of the precariousness of infrastructure and the lack of trained professionals, as well as the lack of methodologies to assist decision makers in the choice of areas that deserve priority for interventions, whether through active research into non-visible leaks, through projects of pressure control, through investments in the rehabilitation of networks or through programs to improve the quality of materials and services. In water distribution networks, there are several criteria that interact to influence the rate of actual losses, such as: the quality of materials and network installation services, the frequencies of preventive maintenance in pressure control systems, the quality and use monitoring systems, among others. With this feature, it becomes a typical complex environment with a large number of variables interacting and impacting the problem with different weights and relevance. In these types of multivariable environments, the multicriteria decision analysis by the hierarchical process analysis (AHP) method has been shown to be a promising tool which allows for the integration and measurement of the matched relevance of the criteria available in alternative assessment processes in various areas of activity. The aim of this study is to compare the results of leakage risk calculations by the AHP multicriteria method with the results of leakage risks calculated by the Fixed and Variable Area Discharge (FAVAD) unicriteria method in order to verify whether the multicriteria analysis leads to obtaining different and more assertive results in prioritizing areas to control real losses compared to the unicriteria analysis. For that, the study was carried out applied in four supply regions of the water distribution network of the Serviço Autônomo Municipal de Água e Esgoto (SAMAE) of Jaraguá do Sul, which together represent about 30% of the total connections of the water supply system (SAA). In the study, six quantitative and qualitative criteria were evaluated with a focus on developing the AHP methodology to determine the regions with the highest risk of leaking. The results of the AHP method were compared with the results of the evaluation of area prioritization by the FAVAD method, and both methods had their assertiveness measured based on the georeferenced visible leak records that occurred in 2019. The Multicriteria method showed a stronger correlation with the occurrence of leaks than the Unicriteria method, which showed that the Multicriteria method showed greater assertiveness. Finally, maps of the four regions studied were generated, indicating the regions most susceptible to leaks.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Desarrollo de actividades de apoyo en monitoreos, seguimiento y control ambiental en las diferentes matrices (agua, aire, ruido, emisiones atmosféricas e hidrobiológico) en la empresa Consultoría e Ingeniería Integral CONINTEGRAL S.A.S Texte intégral
2021
Pajón Ruiz, Sebastián | Sanchez Marin, Joe Widerson
ilustraciones | Las actividades para desarrollar en la empresa mediante la práctica por modalidad interinstitucional son el apoyo en los diferentes monitoreos y en la elaboración de informes técnicos, además, se realizaron otras funciones como ajustar los formatos de toma de datos en campo de monitoreos enfocados a aires y ruido, con el fin de obtener una mayor comprensión y practicidad en el momento de diligenciarlos. En el presente informe se describe el apoyo en los diferentes muestreos en las matrices de (agua, aire, ruido, emisiones atmosféricas e hidrobiológicos) y el apoyo al Sistema Integrado de Gestión de Calidad y Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo con el ajuste de los distintos formatos de toma de datos en campo de los monitoreos en las matrices de ruido y aire. | CONTENIDO Tabla de contenido 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................................... 5 2. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL LUGAR DE PRÁCTICA .................................................................... 6 2.1 Descripción de la empresa ................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Información del cooperador ............................................................................................. 6 2.3 Misión ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Visión ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2.5 Principios corporativos...................................................................................................... 6 2.6 Reseña histórica de la empresa ...................................................................................... 7 2.7 Descripción del área de la práctica ................................................................................ 8 3. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA PRÁCTICA ...................................................................................... 9 4. OBJETIVOS DE LA PRÁCTICA ........................................................................................... 9 4.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Específicos ............................................................................................................................ 9 5. FUNCIONES REALIZADAS ................................................................................................ 10 5.1 Función 1 ............................................................................................................................. 10 5.2 Función 2 ............................................................................................................................. 10 5.3 Función 3 ............................................................................................................................. 10 5.4 Función 4 ............................................................................................................................. 10 5.5 Función 5 ............................................................................................................................. 10 5.6 Función 6 ............................................................................................................................. 10 5.7 Función 7 ............................................................................................................................. 10 5.8 Función 8 ............................................................................................................................. 10 5.9 Función 9 ............................................................................................................................. 10 5.10 Función 10 ......................................................................................................................... 10 6. DESARROLLO METODOLÓGICO DE LA PRÁCTICA .................................................. 10 6.1 Función 1 ............................................................................................................................. 11 6.2 Función 2 ............................................................................................................................. 15 6.3 Función 3 ............................................................................................................................. 16 6.4 Función 4 ............................................................................................................................. 16 6.6 Función 6 ............................................................................................................................. 17 6.7 Función 7 ............................................................................................................................. 18 6.8 Función 8 ............................................................................................................................. 18 6.9 Función 9 ............................................................................................................................. 18 6.10 Función 10 ......................................................................................................................... 20 7. RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS .............................................................................................. 20 7.1 Función 1 ............................................................................................................................. 21 7.2 Función 2 ............................................................................................................................. 24 7.3 Función 3 ............................................................................................................................. 25 7.4 Función 4 ............................................................................................................................. 25 7.6 Función 6 ............................................................................................................................. 27 7.7 Función 7 ............................................................................................................................. 27 7.8 Función 8 ............................................................................................................................. 27 7.9 Función 9 ............................................................................................................................. 27 7.10 Función 10 ......................................................................................................................... 29 8. DIFICULTADES TÉCNICAS EN EL DESARROLLO DE LA PRÁCTICA ................... 30 9. CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................................... 31 10. REFERENCIAS .................................................................................................................. 32 Lista de imágenes Imagen 1. Aforo con micromolinete en fuente superficial ........................................................ 21 Imagen 2. Toma de parámetros in situ con equipo multiparamétrico en fuente superficial 21 Imagen 3. Toma de muestras de aguas residuales domesticas ............................................. 22 Imagen 4. Preparación de insumos (recipientes, equipo multiparamétrico, sonda muestreadora, probetas, nevera y formatos .............................................................................. 22 Imagen 5. Toma de parámetros in situ en agua residual no domestica ................................ 22 Imagen 6. Aforo por el método volumétrico ............................................................................... 22 Imagen 7. Estación meteorológica Davis ................................................................................... 23 Imagen 8. Sonómetro para la medición de ruido....................................................................... 23 Imagen 9. Medición de ruido ambiental jornada diurna ........................................................... 23 Imagen 10. Medición de ruido ambiental jornada nocturna ..................................................... 23 Imagen 11. Montaje de equipos para medición de material particulado PM10 y PM 2.5 y SO2 y NO2 ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Imagen 12. Verificación del flujo y de variables (temperatura y presión atmosférica) ........ 24 Imagen 13. Cambio de soluciones absorbentes de SO2 y NO2 al Rack 3 gases ............... 24 Imagen 14. Cambio de filtro equipo Hi-Vol PM10 ..................................................................... 24 Imagen 15. Verificación de parámetros (pH, conductividad eléctrica y oxígeno disuelto) .. 25 Imagen 16. Preparación de recipientes para la toma de muestras ........................................ 25 Imagen 17. Formato lista de chequeo ......................................................................................... 25 Imagen 18. Formato cadena custodia ......................................................................................... 25 Imagen 19. Verificación de equipos fuentes móviles ................................................................ 26 Imagen 20. Verificación del correcto funcionamiento del equipo ........................................... 26 Imagen 21. Captura de macroinvertebrados .............................................................................. 28 Imagen 22. Captura de peces ...................................................................................................... 28 Imagen 23. Recolección de perifiton ........................................................................................... 28 Imagen 24. Captura de fitoplancton y zooplancton ................................................................... 28 Lista de ilustraciones Ilustración 1. Organigrama de las dependencias de Consultoría e Ingeniería Integral CONINTEGRAL S.A.S ....................................................................................................... 8 | Pregrado | Ingeniero(a) Ambiental
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Formulación de una metodología de dimensionamiento de lagunas de estabilización para el tratamiento de agua residual doméstica en Latinoamérica | Formulation of a methodology for sizing domestic wastewater stabilization ponds in Latin America Texte intégral
2021
Isaza Buitrago, Jean Nicolas | Salgado Ortíz, Sergio Iván | Rodríguez Miranda, Juan Pablo
La contaminación del recurso hídrico es un gran problema que afecta no solo la sostenibilidad ambiental de las ciudades, sino la preservación de todo el territorio, y con ello la vida y salud de sus habitantes. El tratamiento de aguas residuales mediante procesos físicos, químicos o biológicos es necesario para reducir al mínimo los impactos potenciales de las descargas de aguas residuales y para favorecer la recuperación de los cuerpos de agua. Dentro de los sistemas de tratamiento de agua residual utilizados, las lagunas de estabilización se han presentado en las últimas décadas como una alternativa apropiada para el tratamiento y la disposición de las aguas residuales domésticas. Una laguna de estabilización consiste en un estanque excavado para embalsar temporalmente agua residual con el objetivo de eliminar microorganismos patógenos y reducir su concentración de materia orgánica y nutrientes compuestos de nitrógeno y fósforo. En esta monografía se describen los patrones de flujo, parámetros de diseño, tipos de lagunas, mecanismos de depuración y los criterios de diseño de las lagunas de estabilización de acuerdo a varios autores y entidades gubernamentales, esto con el objetivo de analizar las metodologías existentes y establecer una ruta de diseño que se adapte a las condiciones climatológicas del trópico latinoamericano, a sus necesidades y los recursos de las comunidades de estas latitudes. | The contamination of water resources is a huge problem that affects not only the environmental sustainability of cities, but also the preservation of the entire territory, and with it the life and health of its inhabitants. The treatment of wastewater through physical, chemical or biological processes is necessary to minimize the potential impacts of wastewater discharges and to promote the recovery of bodies of water. Within the wastewater treatment systems used, stabilization ponds have been presented in recent decades as an appropriate alternative for the treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater. A stabilization pond consists of a pond dug to temporarily reservoir wastewater in order to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and reduce its concentration of organic matter and nutrients composed of nitrogen and phosphorus. This monograph describes the flow patterns, design parameters, types of lagoons, purification mechanisms and the design criteria of stabilization lagoons according to various authors and government entities, this with the aim of analyzing existing methodologies and establish a design route that adapts to the climatic conditions of the Latin American tropics, its needs and the resources of the communities in these latitudes.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Diferencias y efectos observados en el crecimiento de Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1827), alimentada con piensos comerciales de trucha y de tilapia en sistemas de acuicultura de flujo abierto y recirculación de agua Texte intégral
2021
Goicoechea Sadaba, Javier | Rodríguez González, Covadonga | Máster Universitario en Biología Marina: Biodiversidad y Conservación
La acuicultura ha sido considerada en las últimas décadas la solución más factible de cara a suplir la creciente demanda de alimento de una población mundial estimada de 9,8 billones de personas en 2050, dado el aumento de consumo de pescado y el estancamiento de la producción de otros sectores de la alimentación. En Europa, el sector de la acuicultura requiere establecer una serie de especies pioneras que le permita expandirse y aumentar su producción. Una de estas especies es el mugílido Chelon labrosus, cuyo interés reside en su naturaleza omnívora, eurihalina y euriterma; facilitando su cultivo en términos económicos y de sostenibilidad ambiental. En el presente estudio se comparan los efectos en el crecimiento y en la salud de los ejemplares, a partir de métodos morfológicos e histológicos, de individuos de C. labrosus alimentados con pienso comercial de trucha y de tilapia, cultivados tanto en sistemas de flujo abierto como de recirculación de agua. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un buen rendimiento del pienso de tilapia en cuanto al aprovechamiento proteico y la tasa de crecimiento, aunque los individuos presentan acumulación de lípidos en el hígado. Los individuos alimentados con pienso de trucha presentaron tallas y peso mayores, pero a su vez una mayor acumulación de grasa perivisceral e intestinal. La discusión de los resultados servirá para evaluar futuras vías en la formulación de piensos sostenibles y específicos para el cultivo de C. labrosus en acuicultura | In the last decades aquiculture has been considered the most feasible solution to meet the growing demand for food from an estimated world population of 9,8 billion people in 2050, given the increase in fish consumption and the stagnation of production from other food sectors. In Europe, the aquaculture sector needs to establish a series of pioneer species that allow it to expand and increase its production. One of these species is a member of the family mugilidae, Chelon labrosus, whose interest lies in its omnivorous, euryhaline, and eurythermal nature; which facilitatesits cultivation in economic and environmentalsustainability terms. The present study compares the effects in growth and health, based in morphological and histological methods, of C. labrosus fed with commercial trout and tilapia feeds, using both open flow and recirculatory aquaculture systems. The results obtained show a good performance of the tilapia feed in terms of protein use and growth rate, although the individuals present lipids accumulation in the liver. The individuals fed with trout feed had greater sizes and weight, but at the same time a greater accumulation of perivisceral and intestinal fats. The results are discussed in order to assess future directions of sustainable and specific formulation of feeds for C. labrosus aquaculture
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Estandarización de detección de mesamphiagrion laterale como modelo de monitoreo de macroinvertebrados de agua dulce con adn ambiental | Detection standardization of mesamphiagrion laterale as a freshwater macroinvertebrate monitoring model with environmental DNA Texte intégral
2021
Aroca Aguilera, María Camila | Palacino Rodríguez, Fredy | Sánchez Herrera, Melissa | Hernández Sánchez, Juan Pablo
Los humedales de agua dulce se encuentran entre los ecosistemas terrestres más valiosos, pero con mayor pérdida de superficie a causa de la urbanización; La ecología urbana es una nueva rama que estudia la biodiversidad y las interacciones presentes en los ecosistemas modificados, y a la vez busca diseñar metodologías y herramientas que permitan evaluar y monitorear los cambios de estos. Una de las estrategias de conservación de humedales, es tener acceso a plataformas actualizadas y estandarizadas sobre su biodiversidad; el orden Odonata, ha sido catalogado como bioindicadores del estado de los ecosistemas dulceacuícolas, dentro de estos y en la familia Coenagrionidae se encuentra la especie Mesamphiagrion laterale, la cual se puede encontrar en abundancia en casi cualquier humedal perteneciente de la Región Andina, Por lo anterior, esta especie es un buen modelo para la estandarización del monitoreo de macroinvertebrados de agua dulce en los humedales de alta montaña. Los métodos tradicionales de detección y monitoreo presentan grandes sesgos, por lo tanto, el ADN ambiental, se postula como una herramienta molecular que puede detectar y monitorear de forma precisa, no invasiva y objetiva la presencia de especies bioindicadores en muestras ambientales de agua. Este trabajo busca 1) Establecer la concentración mínima a la cual M. laterale puede ser detectada en agua, utilizando una amplificación molecular de los fragmentos del gen mitocondrial de código de barras (Citocromo oxidasa I) previamente publicados para macroinvertebrados dulceacuícolas. Y, 2) Explorar varios protocolos de recolección de ADN ambiental en muestras de agua en humedales de la zona metropolitana de Bogotá, con presencia de M laterale. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren valores mínimos de detección para esta especie oscila entre 220.267 ag/uL y 172.822 ag/uL. Con estas concentraciones se logró amplificar satisfactoriamente la especie modelo, sugiriendo que los cebadores previamente publicados para macroinvertebrados permiten la detectabilidad de esta especie en los humedales de cuidad. Y finalmente los protocolos de estandarización de metodología de la recolección de ADN ambiental indican que una filtración doble para evitar la saturación de los filtros, como también una lisis mecánica adicional, con reactivos adicionales; mejora la cantidad de ADN extraído. | Biólogo | Pregrado | Wetlands of sweet water are considered the most valuable among other terrestrial ecosystems, nevertheless they how a huge loss on its surface due to town planning. The urban ecology is a new Branch that studies existing biodiversity and relationships in modify ecosystems, also its purpose is to design methodologies and tools that allow to evaluate and to keep under observation these changes. One of the wetland conservation strategies is to have access to updated and standardized biodiversity platforms. Odonta insect order has been classified as a bioindicator of the dulceacuícolas ecosystem state, also among these, it is found the species Mesamphiagrion laterale that belongs to Coenagrionidae family, in which it is possible to find abundant of this species in almost any wetland Region Andean. Due to the above, this species is a good sample to standardization and monitoring of sweet water macroinvertebrates in high mountain wetlands. The traditional monitoring and detection show huge bias hence, environmental NDA becomes one molecular tool which detects and monitors accurately, non-invasive but objective, the existence of bioindicator species in environmental water sampling. The aim of this thesis is: 1. To establish the minimum concentration in water in which it is possible to detect M laterale, by DNA barcoding gen mitochondrial molecular amplification. (Citocromo oxidasa I) previously published in studies about dulceacuícolas marcroinvertebrates. 2. To explore a type variety of DNA protocol environmental extraction by water sampling in Bogota Savannah wetlands with M. laterale presence. The results suggest minimum values of detection for this species oscillate 220.267 ag/uL and 172.822 ag/uL. With these concentrations, the model species was successfully amplified, suggesting that primers previously published for macroinvertebrates allowed the detectability of this species in the city wetlands. And finally, the methodology standardization protocols of environmental DNA collection indicates that a double filtration to avoid filter saturation, as well as an additional mechanical lysis, with additional reagents, improves the amount of extracted DNA.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Diseño, Construcción e Implementación de un Prototipo de Sistema Solar Térmico de Agua para una Unidad Habitacional en la Zona Rural de la Localidad de Santa Fe en la Ciudad de Bogotá Texte intégral
2021
Carvajal Vásquez, Daniela | Hernández Mejía, Paola Andrea | Quiñones Segura, César Augusto | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5001-1627 | https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=pa7wklMAAAAJ&hl=es | https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000098086 | Universidad Santo Tomás
El presente proyecto consiste en el diseño, construcción e implementación de un colector solar de placa plana de tubos en paralelo de baja temperatura, cuyo principio de funcionamiento se basa en la trasferencia de calor y estratificación. Con base en los objetivos, se presenta el diseño conceptual y de detalle del colector solar de placa plana, incluyendo la simulación y la fase de construcción. Para llevar esto a cabo se aplicaron herramientas digitales, utilizando dos softwares “AUTOCAD” y “AUTODESK CFD” para la ejecución del proyecto. El colector solar de placa plana se implementó y evaluó en la ciudad de Bogotá en la Institución Universitaria Politécnico Grancolombiano, durante diez días entre los meses de mayo y junio. Durante este periodo se tomaron datos de radiación solar global y las temperaturas de entrada y salida del colector. Para la toma de datos se utilizó el software “LABVIEW” creando un código para la lectura de temperatura y radiación global; se conectó el sensor de temperatura y radiación, los cuales emiten las mediciones por medio de señal análoga. A partir de los resultados de la caracterización se determina la eficiencia térmica del colector de placa plana en relación a las temperaturas alcanzadas. El colector solar de placa plana alcanzó una eficiencia promedio del 10%, resultado que supera la eficiencia energética de los colectores solares de placa plana comerciales que se encuentra en un rango entre el 7 y 9%. La eficiencia máxima calculada fue del 14% en el mes de junio. | The present project consists in the design, construction and implementation of a solar collector of a low temperature flat platform, whose operating principle is based on heat transfer and stratification. Based on the objectives, the conceptual and detail design of the flat plate solar collector is presented, including the simulation and the construction phase. To carry out this, digital tools were applied, using two software "AUTOCAD" and "AUTODESK CFD” for the execution of these phases. The flat plate solar collector was implemented and evaluated in the city of Bogotá at the Politecnico Grancolombiano, for ten days between the months of May and June. During this period, global solar radiation data and collector inlet and outlet temperatures were taken. For the data collection the "LABVIEW" software was used to create a code for the global temperature and radiation reading; the temperature and radiation sensor were connected to emit the measurements by means of an analogous signal. From the results of the characterization the thermal efficiency of the flat plate collector is determined in relation to the reached temperatures. The flat plate solar collector reached an average efficiency of 10%, a result that exceeds the energy efficiency of commercial flat plate solar collectors that is in a range between 7 and 9%. The maximum efficiency calculated was 14% in the month of June. | Ingeniero Ambiental | http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co | Pregrado
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Gastrópodes não nativos de água doce: uma revisão sistemática global e distribuição potencial de duas espécies problemáticas. | Non native freshwater snails: a global systematic review and potential distribution of two problematic species. Texte intégral
2021
Tramonte, Rafael Prandini
Ecological studies in all environments of the world the effects of non-native species in various parts of the world are discussed. Regarding the invasion of these environments, we highlight the Phylum Sanitary, especially the ecological Mollusa, for presenting numerous gastronomic classes, with many species with potential, which can lead to as many sanitary, as well as sanitary and graves, in places of invasion. Know the invasive species that are reported in their scientific distribution, in this case introduction and the main ones are reported, is of fundamental importance. Knowing the risk of introducing an invasive species, and its impacts on the invaded places, it is necessary to find ways of prevention. A precious tool of meaning is an invasion of the invasive potential of one, thus generating a risk that indicates the suitability of the habitat or probability of occurrence based on the environmental conditions of the native area and the area in which the species may become invasive. . In this way, the adequacy of the invasive Melanoides tuberculata against a native species by Biomphalaria glabra, which is also a species with potential to cause toilets, is of fundamental importance, to predict possible invasion sites, and if the species are competing for the same ecological niches. Thus, the present work is subdivided into two works that address issues such as: a systematic of scientific articles about invasive freshwater gastropods. The second work will address the modeling of the current and future potential distribution of two problematic gastropod species in South America. | Estudos ecológicos em ambientes aquáticos continentais têm discutido com amplitude o efeito das espécies não nativas em várias partes do mundo. Em relação à invasão destes ambientes, destacamos o Filo Mollusca, principalmente a classe Gastropoda, por apresentar inúmeras espécies, sendo muitas destas espécies com potencial invasor, que podem levar a prejuízos tanto ecológicos, quanto econômicos e sanitários graves, em locais de invasão. Neste caso, conhecer as principais espécies invasoras que são reportadas em artigos científicos, entender sua distribuição global, seus meios de introdução e os principais danos causados, é de fundamental importância. Sabendo do risco de introdução de uma espécie invasora, e seus impactos nos locais invadidos, faz-se necessário estudos de formas de prevenção. Uma ferramenta valiosa nesse sentido é a inferência do potencial invasor de uma espécie, gerando assim um mapa de risco que indique a adequabilidade do habitat ou probabilidade de ocorrência com base nas condições ambientais da área nativa e da área em que a espécie pode vir a se tornar invasora. Deste modo, verificar adequabilidade da espécie invasora Melanoides tuberculata frente a uma espécie nativa Biomphalaria glabrata, que também é uma espécie com potencial causador de prejuízos sanitários, é de fundamental importância, para prevermos os possíveis locais de invasão, e se as espécies estão competindo pelos mesmos nichos ecológicos. Deste modo, foi efetuado uma revisão sistemática de artigos científicos a respeito de gastrópodes invasores de água doce. Em um segundo momento foi efetuado uma modelagem da distribuição potencial atual e futura de duas espécies de gastrópodes problemáticas na América do Sul. | PhD
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Evaluación de la producción forrajera mediante la incorporación de un polímero retenedor de agua en una pastura ya establecida a base de ryegrass perenne diploide y tetraploide en la parroquia de Aláquez Texte intégral
2021
Ayala Rodríguez, Edgar Mauricio | Calderón Guañuna, Adrián Alexander | Beltrán, Cristian
This research was carried out in the parish of Aláquez, Canton Latacunga, to evaluate forage production through the incorporation and effect of a water-retaining polymer, which was applied, without hydrating, with harrow discs at a depth of approximately 10 cm, during the dry season. The work was based on performing three gauging/cuttings on different dates to observe the behavior of the pastures with the use of hydrogel in sandy loam soils. The experimental design implemented was completely randomized for the analysis of the pastures. Two treatments were made, a coefficient of variation of 3, 46% for the use of hydrogel in pastures through ADEVA. The Tukey test at 5% showed that forage production averages for the hydrogel treatment were different from those without hydrogel. For the analysis of the climatology, measures of central tendency were calculated to use the median as a reference to determine the dry season for the months of ( June 31.4 mm; July 15.2 mm; August 12.6 mm; September 24.4 mm), for the effect of the use on the nutritional content of the treatments on the pastures, bromatological analyses were carried out. Finally, according to the trial results, hydrogel represents a low-cost technological alternative for the sector. Because it helps to maintain soil moisture and water availability for perennial ryegrass pastures (Lolium Perenne), low rainfall brings a water deficit for the different pastures and crops of the sector. It is recommended to use hydrogel as an alternative to conserve pastures during the dry season in the sector of Aláquez. | La presente investigación se realizó en la parroquia de Aláquez, Cantón Latacunga, con el objetivo de evaluar la producción forrajera mediante la incorporación y el efecto de un polímero retenedor de agua, el cual se aplicó, sin hidratar, con discos de rastra a una profundidad de aproximadamente 10 cm, en época de estiaje. El trabajo se basó en realizar tres aforos/cortes en distintas fechas para observar el comportamiento de los pastos con el uso del hidrogel en suelos de tipo franco arenosos, el diseño experimental implementado fue completamente al azar para el análisis de los pastos, tomando en cuenta dos tratamientos, obteniendo un coeficiente de variación de 3,46% para el uso del hidrogel en pasturas mediante ADEVA, la Prueba Tukey al 5% demostró que los promedios de producción de forraje para el tratamiento con hidrogel fueron diferentes al tratamiento sin hidrogel, para el análisis de la climatología se calcularon medidas de tendencia central utilizando la mediana como referente, para determinar la época de estiaje para los meses ( junio 31,4 mm; julio 15,2 mm; agosto 12,6 mm; septiembre 24,4 mm), para el efecto del uso en el contenido nutricional de los tratamientos sobre los pastos se realizaron los análisis bromatológicos. De los resultados obtenidos en el ensayo se puede concluir que el hidrogel representa una alternativa tecnológica de bajo costo para el sector, debido a que ayuda a mantener la humedad en el suelo y la disponibilidad de agua para las pasturas de ryegrass perenne (Lolium Perenne), la escasa precipitación trae consigo un déficit de agua para los distintos pastos y cultivos del sector, se recomienda usar el hidrogel como alternativa para conservación de pastos en época de estiaje en el sector de Aláquez.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Modeling trophic webs in freshwater fishpond systems using Ecopath: towards better polyculture management | Modelagem de teias tróficas em sistemas de fishpond de água doce usando Ecopath: para um melhor manejo da policultura Texte intégral
2021
Aubin, J | Baizeau, V | Jaeger, C | Roucaute, M | Gamito, Sofia
Modeling trophic webs in freshwater fishpond systems using Ecopath: towards better polyculture management | Modelagem de teias tróficas em sistemas de fishpond de água doce usando Ecopath: para um melhor manejo da policultura Texte intégral
2021
Aubin, J | Baizeau, V | Jaeger, C | Roucaute, M | Gamito, Sofia
Freshwater pond polyculture faces many challenges in Europe. Appropriate tools must be developed to better understand and manage trophic interactions in pond ecosystems. The objective of our study was to understand the trophic interactions and make inference on the fish diet in common carp polyculture through a combination of experiments and trophic web modeling. We conducted an experiment in small fishponds of common carp polyculture reared with roach and perch and used Ecopath with Ecosim software to characterize the food web. Two replicates of 3 treatments were performed: a semi-extensive pond with low fish density and no formulated feed, an intensive pond with twice the fish density and formulated feed and an intensive pond coupled with a planted lagoon. Ten trophic groups were defined to describe the food web. The modeling procedure enabled us to estimate the diets of each trophic group. The fish diet in fed and non-fed treatments differed greatly since the carp fed mainly on formulated feed when available. The roach exhibited trophic plasticity by adapting their diet to the available resources. The benthic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton were preyed upon intensively; they became the limiting factors for fish production and depended on phytoplankton availability. Detritus and phytoplankton were the main sources of nutrients in all treatments but were not used efficiently. These results provide several insights for improving polyculture. In particular, they promote better management of zooplankton and macroinvertebrates as food sources for target species and a better balance in fish assemblages for more efficient use of resources. | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Modeling trophic webs in freshwater fishpond systems using Ecopath: towards better polyculture management Texte intégral
2021
J Aubin | V Baizeau | C Jaeger | M Roucaute | S Gamito
Freshwater pond polyculture faces many challenges in Europe. Appropriate tools must be developed to better understand and manage trophic interactions in pond ecosystems. The objective of our study was to understand the trophic interactions and make inference on the fish diet in common carp polyculture through a combination of experiments and trophic web modeling. We conducted an experiment in small fishponds of common carp polyculture reared with roach and perch and used Ecopath with Ecosim software to characterize the food web. Two replicates of 3 treatments were performed: a semi-extensive pond with low fish density and no formulated feed, an intensive pond with twice the fish density and formulated feed and an intensive pond coupled with a planted lagoon. Ten trophic groups were defined to describe the food web. The modeling procedure enabled us to estimate the diets of each trophic group. The fish diet in fed and non-fed treatments differed greatly since the carp fed mainly on formulated feed when available. The roach exhibited trophic plasticity by adapting their diet to the available resources. The benthic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton were preyed upon intensively; they became the limiting factors for fish production and depended on phytoplankton availability. Detritus and phytoplankton were the main sources of nutrients in all treatments but were not used efficiently. These results provide several insights for improving polyculture. In particular, they promote better management of zooplankton and macroinvertebrates as food sources for target species and a better balance in fish assemblages for more efficient use of resources.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Modeling trophic webs in freshwater fishpond systems using Ecopath: towards better polyculture management | Modélisation des réseaux trophiques dans les systèmes d'étangs à poissons d'eau douce à l'aide d'Ecopath : vers une meilleure gestion de la polyculture Texte intégral
2021
Aubin, Joël | Baizeau, V | Jaeger, Christophe | Roucaute, Marc | Gamito, S | Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST | Centre of Marine Sciences [Faro] (CCMAR) ; University of Algarve [Portugal] | Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia [Faro] (FCT) ; Universidade do Algarve (UAlg) | ANR-15-COFA-0001,IMTA-EFFECT,Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture for EFFiciency and Environmental ConservaTion(2015)
International audience | Freshwater pond polyculture faces many challenges in Europe. Appropriate tools must be developed to better understand and manage trophic interactions in pond ecosystems. The objective of our study was to understand the trophic interactions and make inference on the fish diet in common carp polyculture through a combination of experiments and trophic web modeling. We conducted an experiment in small fishponds of common carp polyculture reared with roach and perch and used Ecopath with Ecosim software to characterize the food web. Two replicates of 3 treatments were performed: a semi-extensive pond with low fish density and no formulated feed, an intensive pond with twice the fish density and formulated feed and an intensive pond coupled with a planted lagoon. Ten trophic groups were defined to describe the food web. The modeling procedure enabled us to estimate the diets of each trophic group. The fish diet in fed and non-fed treatments differed greatly since the carp fed mainly on formulated feed when available. The roach exhibited trophic plasticity by adapting their diet to the available resources. The benthic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton were preyed upon intensively; they became the limiting factors for fish production and depended on phytoplankton availability. Detritus and phytoplankton were the main sources of nutrients in all treatments but were not used efficiently. These results provide several insights for improving polyculture. In particular, they promote better management of zooplankton and macroinvertebrates as food sources for target species and a better balance in fish assemblages for more efficient use of resources.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Modeling trophic webs in freshwater fishpond systems using Ecopath: towards better polyculture management Texte intégral
2021
Aubin, Joël | Baizeau, V | Jaeger, C | Roucaute, M | Gamito, S
Freshwater pond polyculture faces many challenges in Europe. Appropriate tools must be developed to better understand and manage trophic interactions in pond ecosystems. The objective of our study was to understand the trophic interactions and make inference on the fish diet in common carp polyculture through a combination of experiments and trophic web modeling. We conducted an experiment in small fishponds of common carp polyculture reared with roach and perch and used Ecopath with Ecosim software to characterize the food web. Two replicates of 3 treatments were performed: a semi-extensive pond with low fish density and no formulated feed, an intensive pond with twice the fish density and formulated feed and an intensive pond coupled with a planted lagoon. Ten trophic groups were defined to describe the food web. The modeling procedure enabled us to estimate the diets of each trophic group. The fish diet in fed and non-fed treatments differed greatly since the carp fed mainly on formulated feed when available. The roach exhibited trophic plasticity by adapting their diet to the available resources. The benthic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton were preyed upon intensively; they became the limiting factors for fish production and depended on phytoplankton availability. Detritus and phytoplankton were the main sources of nutrients in all treatments but were not used efficiently. These results provide several insights for improving polyculture. In particular, they promote better management of zooplankton and macroinvertebrates as food sources for target species and a better balance in fish assemblages for more efficient use of resources.
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