Fish is a food of animal origin, considered a fundamental exponent of a healthy diet, withhighly bioavailable nutrients, especially macrominerales and trace elements; very accessible for thepopulation of poor and developing countries. The aim of this review was to evaluate the composition ofmajor minerals and trace elements in fish meat of different species, both freshwater and seawater. A greatvariation was evidenced both in the contents of major and trace elements; according to the species, sizeand ecosystems studied. The mean values, expressed in mg/100 g of DM, were: Na: 147.5; K: 614.5; Ca:653.2; Mg: 228.3; P: 288; and for microelements such as Fe: 3.25; Cu: 1.85; Zn: 4.33 and Mn: 12.6. It isconcluded that small fish species, which are consumed with organs and skeleton, are excellent sources ofminerals, constituting an alternative with a high contribution of micronutrients. Sustainable fishing andaquaculture are practices that should be promoted by public policies, especially in poor countries in Asia,Africa and Latin America. | El pescado es un alimento de origen animal, considerado un exponente fundamental de unadieta saludable, con nutrientes altamente biodisponibles, en especial los macrominerales y elementostraza; muy accesible para la población de países pobres y en vías de desarrollo. El objetivo de esta revisiónfue recabar información sobre la composición de minerales mayoritarios y elementos traza en carne depeces de diferentes especies, tanto de agua dulce como de mar. Se evidenció una gran variación tanto delos contenidos de macroelementos como de los trazas; según las especies, tamaño y ecosistemasestudiados. Los valores medios, expresados en mg/100 g de MS, fueron: Na: 147.5; K:614.5; Ca: 653.2; Mg:228.3; P: 288; y para los microelementos como Fe: 3.25; Cu: 1.85; Zn: 4.33 y Mn: 12.6. Se concluye que lasespecies de pescado pequeñas, que se consumen con órganos y esqueleto resultan excelentes fuentes deminerales, constituyendo una alternativa de alto aporte de micronutrientes. La pesca sustentable y laacuicultura son prácticas que deben ser fomentadas por políticas públicas, sobre todo en países pobres deAsia, África y América Latina.

O objetivo foi avaliar as alterações anatômicas das folhas de Aloysia citrodora submetidas a diferentes disponibilidades hídricas e estações do ano. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, bifatorial 4x4, com quatro fatores sazonais (outono, inverno, primavera e verão) e simulações de disponibilidade hídrica (25, 50, 75 e 100% da capacidade de campo) com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados em μm: a espessura das cutículas adaxial e abaxial, epiderme adaxial e abaxial, parênquima paliçadico e lacunoso, mesofilo e espessura da folha da seção transversal e o mesofilo e espessura da nervura principal e o comprimento e largura do sistema vascular. No outono, houve redução da largura do sistema vascular e da espessura da cutícula adaxial sob maior disponibilidade hídrica. No inverno com baixa disponibilidade hídrica, houve redução da espessura da cutícula e da epiderme adaxial, parênquima lacunoso, mesofilo e espessura foliar, mesofilo e espessura da nervura principal. Na primavera com maior disponibilidade hídrica aumentou a epiderme adaxial e abaxial, mesofilo e espessura da nervura principal e comprimento do sistema vascular; e a baixa disponibilidade hídrica proporcionou maior espessura da cutícula adaxial, parênquima paliçádico e espessura foliar. No verão com maior disponibilidade hídrica, houve aumento da espessura foliar e da cutícula adaxial e redução do parênquima paliçádico, enquanto a baixa disponibilidade hídrica aumentou a espessura do mesofilo foliar. | The objective was to evaluate the anatomical changes of the leaves of Aloysia citrodora submitted to different water availability during the seasons. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design, bifactorial 4x4, with four seasonal factors (autumn, winter, spring, and summer) and simulations of water availability (25, 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity) with four repetitions. They were evaluated in μm: the thickness of the adaxial and abaxial cuticles, adaxial and abaxial epidermis, palisade and lacunous parenchyma, mesophyll and leaf thickness of the transversal section and the mesophyll and thickness of the main rib and the length and width of the vascular system. In the autumn season, there was a reduction in the width of the vascular system and the thickness of the adaxial cuticle under greater water availability. In winter and under low water availability, there was a reduction in the thickness of the cuticle and adaxial epidermis, lacunous parenchyma, mesophyll and leaf thickness, mesophyll and main rib thickness. In the spring with greater water availability increased in the adaxial and abaxial epidermis, mesophyll and thickness of the main rib, and length of the vascular system; and low water availability provided the greater thickness of the adaxial cuticle, palisade parenchyma, and leaf thickness. In the summer season with the greatest water availability, there was an increase in leaf thickness and adaxial cuticle and a reduction in palisade parenchyma, while low water availability increased the thickness of leaf mesophyll.

Introduction. Water is the most limiting factor in the production of extensive rainfed crops in the Pampas region of Argentina and in many parts of the world. Objective. To determine the water use efficiency, both in grain yield and in total biomass produced, for different crop sequences under different fallow managements. Materials and methods. The trial was carried out in the Experimental Station of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, J. Hirschhorn (34 ° 52´ LS, 57 ° 58´ LO), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, where since 2011 four crop sequences have been working and from 2015, in the period between summer crops, different treatments were implemented that included the use of cover crops with and without fertilization in the successor crop and the application of compost. During the period 2015 - 2018, total biomass produced, yield, and water use efficiency were determined. Results. The sequence oats (Avena sativa L.) / soybean (Glicine max L.) 2nd - corn (Zea mays L.) - sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was the most efficient in the use of water. In the last place, the sequence wheat / soybean 2nd-soybean-soybean-wheat was found, with the highest frequency of the soybean crop. The different types of fallows affected the water use efficiency, with less efficient values under the control treatment. Conclusion. The crop sequences analyzed showed differences in water use. The fallows with cover crops and compost were more efficient in water use by 10,85 % on average of grain, and in 3,64 % on average of biomass. | Introducción. El agua es el factor más limitante en la producción de cultivos extensivos en secano en la región pampeana de Argentina y de muchos lugares del mundo. Objetivo. Determinar la eficiencia de uso del agua, tanto en rendimiento en grano como en biomasa total producida, para diferentes secuencias de cultivos bajo distintos manejos de sus barbechos. Materiales y métodos. El ensayo se llevó a cabo en la Estación Experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, J. Hirschhorn (34° 52´ LS, 57° 58´ LO), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, donde desde el año 2011 se trabaja con cuatro secuencias de cultivos y a partir del año 2015, en el período entre los cultivos de verano, se implementaron diferentes tratamientos que incluyeron el uso de cultivos de cobertura con y sin fertilización en el cultivo sucesor y la aplicación de compost. Durante el período 2015 - 2018 se determinó la biomasa total producida, el rendimiento y la eficiencia de uso del agua. Resultados. La secuencia avena (Avena sativa L.) / soja (Glicine max L.) 2da - maíz (Zea mays L.) - girasol (Helianthus annuus L.) - trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), resultó las más eficiente en el uso del agua. En último lugar, se encontró la secuencia trigo / soja 2da - soja - soja - trigo, con mayor frecuencia del cultivo soja. Los distintos tipos de barbechos afectaron la eficiencia de uso del agua, con valores menos eficientes bajo el tratamiento testigo. Conclusión. Las secuencias de cultivos analizadas presentaron diferencias en el uso del agua. Los barbechos con cultivos de cobertura y compost resultaron más eficientes en el uso del agua para grano en un 10,85 %, y para biomasa en un 3,64 % en promedio.

In the karst regions of Mexico, the construction of cities has been carried out using materials and processes that do not correspond to the functioning of filtration dynamics. The present work analyzes the effects of WSUD (Water Sensitive Urban Design) implementation on karst zone and the influence in the reduction of flooding. A permeability model was developed for the urban area of Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico. As a first phase, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration were modeled; the useful infrastructure to maintain the connectivity of the hydrological system was determined and permeability models considering different scenarios were generated. In the second phase, the efficiency of the model scenarios was analyzed. Finally, flood damages were assessed for each scenario. The results show that if 68% of the urban area is kept permeable and 32% impermeable with sponge infrastructure, with a return period of 10 years, the onset of flooding is delayed by up to 30 minutes. This implies a saving of 5.56 million minimum wages. The implementation of DUSA reduces flooding, generates social and economic savings, but also maintains the flow dynamics and connectivity of the karst. The international DUSA model reduces the vulnerability of karst systems to climate change. | En las regiones kársticas de México la construcción de ciudades se ha realizado con el uso de materiales y procesos que no corresponden con el funcionamiento de la dinámica de filtración del agua. Con el uso de modelos hidrodinámicos se analizó la implementación del Diseño Urbano Sensible al Agua (DUSA) en el karst y se evaluó el beneficio económico al disminuir las inundaciones en Bacalar, Quintana Roo, México. Como primera etapa se modeló la precipitación, escorrentía e infiltración; se determinó la infraestructura útil para mantener la conectividad del sistema hidrológico y se generaron escenarios modelo de permeabilidad. En la segunda etapa se analizó la eficiencia de los escenarios modelo. Finalmente se valorizaron los daños de inundación para cada escenario. Los resultados muestran que, si se mantiene un 68% de área urbana permeable y 32% impermeable con infraestructuras esponja, con periodo de retorno de 10 años, se retrasa hasta por 30 minutos el inicio de las inundaciones. Esto implica un ahorro de 5.56 millones de salarios mínimos. La implementación de DUSA reduce inundaciones, genera ahorros sociales y económicos, pero además mantiene la dinámica de flujo y conectividad del karst. El modelo internacional de DUSA disminuye la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas kársticos ante el cambio climático.

The objective was to evaluate the anatomical changes of the leaves of Aloysia citrodora submitted to different water availability during the seasons. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design, bifactorial 4x4, with four seasonal factors (autumn, winter, spring, and summer) and simulations of water availability (25, 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity) with four repetitions. They were evaluated in μm: the thickness of the adaxial and abaxial cuticles, adaxial and abaxial epidermis, palisade and lacunous parenchyma, mesophyll and leaf thickness of the transversal section and the mesophyll and thickness of the main rib and the length and width of the vascular system. In the autumn season, there was a reduction in the width of the vascular system and the thickness of the adaxial cuticle under greater water availability. In winter and under low water availability, there was a reduction in the thickness of the cuticle and adaxial epidermis, lacunous parenchyma, mesophyll and leaf thickness, mesophyll and main rib thickness. In the spring with greater water availability increased in the adaxial and abaxial epidermis, mesophyll and thickness of the main rib, and length of the vascular system; and low water availability provided the greater thickness of the adaxial cuticle, palisade parenchyma, and leaf thickness. In the summer season with the greatest water availability, there was an increase in leaf thickness and adaxial cuticle and a reduction in palisade parenchyma, while low water availability increased the thickness of leaf mesophyll. | O objetivo foi avaliar as alterações anatômicas das folhas de Aloysia citrodora submetidas a diferentes disponibilidades hídricas e estações do ano. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, bifatorial 4x4, com quatro fatores sazonais (outono, inverno, primavera e verão) e simulações de disponibilidade hídrica (25, 50, 75 e 100% da capacidade de campo) com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados em μm: a espessura das cutículas adaxial e abaxial, epiderme adaxial e abaxial, parênquima paliçadico e lacunoso, mesofilo e espessura da folha da seção transversal e o mesofilo e espessura da nervura principal e o comprimento e largura do sistema vascular. No outono, houve redução da largura do sistema vascular e da espessura da cutícula adaxial sob maior disponibilidade hídrica. No inverno com baixa disponibilidade hídrica, houve redução da espessura da cutícula e da epiderme adaxial, parênquima lacunoso, mesofilo e espessura foliar, mesofilo e espessura da nervura principal. Na primavera com maior disponibilidade hídrica aumentou a epiderme adaxial e abaxial, mesofilo e espessura da nervura principal e comprimento do sistema vascular; e a baixa disponibilidade hídrica proporcionou maior espessura da cutícula adaxial, parênquima paliçádico e espessura foliar. No verão com maior disponibilidade hídrica, houve aumento da espessura foliar e da cutícula adaxial e redução do parênquima paliçádico, enquanto a baixa disponibilidade hídrica aumentou a espessura do mesofilo foliar.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os parâmetros de remoção de sais solúveis (Na+ e Ca2+) em meios aquosos, bem como outros contaminantes como pesticidas hidrosolúveis a partir de materiais nanoestruturados sintetizados previamente a partir de carboximetilcelulose, etilenodiamina, quitosana e tripolifosfato de sódio.

EFEITO DO TRÁFEGO AGRÍCOLA NA INFILTRAÇÃO DE ÁGUA NO SOLO     BARBARA BARRETO FERNANDES1*; INDIAMARA MARASCA2; MURILO BATTISTUZZI MARTINS3; JEFFERSON SANDI2; KELLY GABRIELA PEREIRA DA SILVA3 E KLEBER PEREIRA LANÇAS4   *Dados parciais da dissertação de mestrado da primeira autora. 1 [email protected] 2 Centro Universitário Unilasalle/Lucas. Av. Universitária, 1000, Parque das Emas - 78455-000, Lucas do Rio Verde, MT, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 3 Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul – Unidade de Cassilândia. Rodovia MS 306 - km 6,4; 79540-000, Cassilândia, MS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 4 Departamento de Engenharia Rural na FCA/UNESP, Av. Universitária, 3780 - Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]     1 RESUMO   As modificações causadas por atividades antrópicas como o tráfego de máquinas afetam diretamente a infiltração de água no solo. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a infiltração de água no perfil do solo submetido a diferentes intensidades de tráfego agrícola. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Lageado da UNESP/FCA, Botucatu/SP, em duas classes de solo, Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico (NVd) e Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVd). O delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado, com os respectivos tratamentos de compactação: T0 = 0; T1 = 1; T2 = 2; T3 = 3; T4=5 e T5 = 10 passadas consecutivas de um trator agrícola. Foram determinados os seguintes atributos: infiltração de água no solo, porosidade e água disponível no solo. Constatou-se que a velocidade de infiltração básica do solo foi baixa para ambos os solos em todos os tratamentos que houve o tráfego. Para as duas classes de solo houve a redução da macro porosidade e não interferência na microporosidade. O teor de água disponível às plantas no solo argiloso teve maior variação do que no solo de textura média. Há efeito da compactação do solo na dinâmica da lâmina de água no perfil do solo.   Palavras-chave: compactação do solo, tráfego de máquinas, infiltração de água no solo.     FERNANDES, B. B.; MARASCA, I.; MARTINS, M. B.; SILVA, K. G. P.; SANDI, J.; LANÇAS, K. P. EFFECT OF TRAFFIC IN AGRICULTURAL SOIL WATER INFILTRATION AND THE PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE SOIL     2 ABSTRACT   Modifications caused by human activities such as machine traffic directly affect water infiltration into the soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the water infiltration in the soil profile submitted to different intensities of agricultural traffic. The experiment was carried out at the Lageado Farm at UNESP/FCA, Botucatu/SP, in two soil classes, Dystroferric Red Nitosol (NVd) and Dystroferric Red Oxisol (LVd). The experimental design was completely randomized, with the respective compaction treatments: T0 = 0; T1 = 1; T2 = 2; T3 = 3; T4=5 and T5 = 10 consecutive passes of an agricultural tractor. The following attributes were determined: soil water infiltration, porosity, and available soil water. It was found that the basic soil infiltration speed was low for both soils in all treatments that had traffic. For both classes of soil there was a reduction in macro porosity and no interference in microporosity. The water content available to plants in clayey soil had greater variation than in medium textured soil. There is an effect of soil compaction on the water depth dynamics in the soil profile.   Keywords: soil compaction, machinery traffic, water infiltration into the soil.

Fil: Rojas, María Laura. Universidad Nacional de Luján; Argentina. | En la producción de flores, es importante planificar el aporte de agua para obtener altos rendimientos, el agua produce la hidratación y la expansión celular causante de los fenómenos de crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal. La falta de agua en periodos críticos del ciclo del cultivo influye negativamente no solo en el crecimiento sino también en la calidad y duración de las flores, una vez cortadas. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue determinar el consumo de agua del cultivo de clavel. Además determinar la evapotranspiración de referencia para obtener el cálculo del coeficiente de cultivo y comprobar la eficiencia del uso del agua. El ensayo se realizó en un invernáculo semi cerrado del Instituto de Florihorticultura y Jardinería situado en la localidad Belén de Escobar, provincia de Buenos Aires. Se utilizaron 100 plantines de clavel variedad Báltico de color blanco y 10 macetas sembradas con césped, para obtener el valor de evapotranspiración de referencia (ETo). Se utilizó agua proveniente de una perforación ubicada a 80 metros del invernadero. El agua de riego se incorporó de manera manual, por aspersión, con regadera. Se midió el consumo de agua de los plantines y del césped mediante el pesaje de la muestra antes de regar, obteniendo así un peso inicial (PI) y pesaje de la muestra luego de regar, obteniendo así un peso final (PF). Al finalizar los pesajes, se obtuvo un PI y un PF para obtener el consumo de agua de las muestras. Las plantas se dispusieron sobre una base de madera con un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Como resultado de este ensayo se obtuvo que el consumo de agua del clavel promedio para toda la etapa vegetativa fue de 2,43 mm/día. Para la misma etapa, el coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) mostró valores variables desde 0,3 a 1,7 con una media de 1,0. La eficiencia del uso del agua (EUA) para clavel fue de 0,69 g/mm.

El agua que se extrae del acuífero semiconfinado Puelche en el partido de La Plata constituye una de las principales fuentes para consumo humano, así como también para agricultura e industria. Se ha realizado la medición de los niveles durante más de dos décadas, aunque en forma discontinua, pero su monitoreo permite la identificación de cambios en la configuración y ubicación del cono de depresión producto del bombeo. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la variación de los niveles piezométricos en los años 2011 y 2018. La principal modificación responde a la distribución de las curvas equipotenciales y a la evolución del cono de depresión. Si bien ha trascurrido menos de una década en el análisis de los niveles, la expansión urbana, el crecimiento de las superficies y formas de cultivo, demandan mayor consumo de agua y la necesidad de nuevas perforaciones. Abordar el manejo de un acuífero de gran superficie, que abarca áreas con distintos usos, requiere de monitoreos frecuentes, en sitios con distribución adecuada de puntos de medición para evitar efectos no deseados. | Centro de Estudios Integrales de la Dinámica Exógena | Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires

ABSTRACT Arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes are responsible for the death of millions of people each year. In addition to arboviruses, many insect-specific viruses (ISVs) have been discovered in mosquitoes in the last decade. ISVs, in contrast to arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes to vertebrates, cannot replicate in vertebrate cells even when they are evolutionarily closely related to arboviruses. The alphavirus genus includes many arboviruses, although only a few ISVs have been discovered from this genus so far. Here, we investigate the interactions of a recently isolated insect-specific alphavirus, Agua Salud alphavirus (ASALV), with its mosquito host. RNA interference (RNAi) is one of the essential antiviral responses against arboviruses, although there is little knowledge on the interactions of RNAi with ISVs. Through the knockdown of transcripts of the different key RNAi pathway (small interfering RNA [siRNA], microRNA [miRNA], and P-element-induced wimpy testis [PIWI]-interacting RNA [piRNA]) proteins, we show the antiviral role of Ago2 (siRNA), Ago1 (miRNA), and Piwi4 proteins against ASALV in Aedes aegypti-derived cells. ASALV replication was increased in Dicer2 and Ago2 knockout cells, confirming the antiviral role of the siRNA pathway. In infected cells, mainly ASALV-specific siRNAs are produced, while piRNA-like small RNAs, with the characteristic nucleotide bias resulting from ping-pong amplification, are produced only in Dicer2 knockout cells. Taken together, ASALV interactions with the mosquito RNAi response differ from those of arthropod-borne alphaviruses in some aspects, although they also share some commonalities. Further research is needed to understand whether the identified differences can be generalized to other insect-specific alphaviruses. IMPORTANCE Mosquitoes are efficient vectors for many arboviruses that cause emergent infectious diseases in humans. Many insect-specific viruses (ISVs) that can infect mosquitoes but cannot infect vertebrates have been discovered in the last decade. ISVs have attracted great attention due to their potential use in mosquito or arbovirus control, by either decreasing mosquito fitness or restricting arbovirus replication and transmission to humans. However, ISV-mosquito interactions are not well understood. RNA interference (RNAi) is the most important innate immune response against many arboviruses, while it is unknown if it is antiviral against ISVs. Here, we investigate in detail the antiviral effect of the RNAi response in mosquitoes against an ISV for the first time. Using a recently isolated insect-specific alphavirus, we show that the regulation of virus replication was different from that for arthropod-borne alphaviruses despite some similarities. The differences in mosquito-virus interactions could drive the different transmission modes, which could eventually drive the evolution of arboviruses. Hence, an understanding of mosquito-ISV interactions can shed light on the ecology and evolution of both ISVs and the medically important arboviruses.