O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o comportamento de cultivares de feijão quanto aos testes da capacidade de absorção da água pelos grãos e do tempo de cozimento, bem como avaliar correlações entre essas características visando à identificação precoce de linhagens de fácil cozimento. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, arranjado em fatorial 2 x 9, com três repetições. As cultivares utilizadas foram TPS Nobre e Pérola e os grãos foram imersos em água destilada durante 2 a 18 horas. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a capacidade de absorção da água pelos grãos aumentou com o tempo em que permaneceram embebidos, até atingir o máximo de hidratação: 13h7min e 13h12min para as cultivares TPS Nobre e Pérola, respectivamente. O tempo de cozimento diminuiu à medida que os grãos permaneceram imersos até 12h49min, para as duas cultivares. A capacidade de absorção da água pelos grãos e o tempo de cozimento apresentaram correlação negativa e significativa.<br>The purpose of this work was to evaluate the behavior of bean cultivars regarding water soaking test and cooking time as well as the possible correlation of these variables to identify bean lines with high cooking capacity. A factorial of two cultivars (TPS Nobre and Pérola) and different times (2 to 18 hours of soaking) in a completely randomized design, with three replications, was conducted. Soaking capacity was increased over time up to 13h07min for TPS Nobre and 13h12min for Pérola cultivar. Cooking time was reduced after 12h49min of soaking for both cultivars. There was a high and negative correlation between water soaking and cooking time.

&nbsp;Laboratory simulation of the processes that affect chemical species as they pass through estuaries is a useful tool for the study of these littoral systems. In this work, laboratory generation of the salinity gradients of several estuaries was performed using the steady state approach. We show how longitudinal salinity gradients can be generated in the laboratory, in order to characterize water-atmosphere CO2 flux variations along different salinity gradients. Many natural estuaries, exposed to anthropogenic influence, show oversaturation of CO2 relative to the atmosphere, with water pCO2 values between 500 and 9500 µatm. In all the experiments performed, pCO2 values higher than the mean atmospheric pCO2 were obtained. On the other hand, all the experimentally quantified water-atmosphere CO2 fluxes decrease exponentially with the increase in salinity. This same behaviour has been reported for several European estuaries by different authors. | La simulación en laboratorio de los procesos que afectan a las especies químicas en su tránsito por los estuarios es una herramienta muy útil en el estudio de estos sistemas litorales. En este trabajo, se generaron en laboratorio los gradientes de salinidad propios de varios estuarios, utilizando la aproximación del estado estacionario. Así, se muestra la forma en que puede generarse en laboratorio un gradiente longitudinal de salinidad concreto en régimen estacionario y cómo gracias a ello se puede caracterizar la variación del flujo de CO2 agua-atmósfera a lo largo de dicho gradiente. Numerosos estuarios reales, sometidos a actuaciones antropogénicas, presentan una cierta sobresaturación de CO2 respecto a la atmósfera, con valores de pCO2 en agua entre 500 y 9500 µatm. En todos los experimentos realizados también se han obtenido valores de pCO2 superiores a la pCO2 atmosférica mundial media. Por otro lado, todos los flujos de CO2 agua-atmósfera cuantificados en laboratorio descienden de forma exponencial con el incremento de salinidad. Este mismo comportamiento ha sido descrito en diferentes estuarios reales europeos por distintos autores.

The decomposition of organic matter in soil, and the accompanying mineralization and immobilization of inorganic N, are key processes in the soil-plant cycle. It is hypothesized that moisture regime may also play an important role on these processes. Two laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the effect of moisture regime on gross mineralization and immobilization of N, in an Ultisol soil, which was incubated at 25°C, under two moisture regimes, field capacity (CC) (40% w/w) and 85% of field capacity (34% w/w). Using mirror image 15N isotope dilution techniques, it was possible to determine gross nitrification and mineralization rates. The rates of gross mineralization and nitrification were greater with 85% CC, and the direct nitrification rate in this soil was extremely rapid and efficient, specially with 85% CC. The immobilization and the amount of the biomass were greater at CC. The N transformations varied with moisture regime. | La descomposición de la materia orgánica en el suelo, asociada a la dinámica de mineralización e inmovilización del N, son procesos claves en el sistema suelo-planta. Hipotéticamente el régimen de humedad tiene una influencia significativa sobre estos procesos. Para estudiar el efecto del contenido de humedad sobre la mineralización e inmovilización del N, se realizaron dos ensayos de laboratorio en un suelo Ultisol, que se incubó a 25°C y con dos regímenes de humedad, a capacidad de campo (CC) (40% p/p) y a 85% de CC (34% p/p). Usando la técnica de dilución isotópica 15N y procedimientos de imagen de espejo, se determinó la tasa bruta de mineralización y nitrificación, tanto como la inmovilización del N. Las tasas de mineralización y nitrificación bruta fueron mayores a 85% CC, las tasas de nitrificación directa en este suelo fueron extremadamente rápidas y eficientes en especial a 85% CC. La inmovilización y la cantidad de biomasa fueron mayores a CC. Las transformaciones de N variaron con el régimen de humedad.

6 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables. | [EN] In this paper the water interchange between the Ria of Vigo and the coastal shelf is discussed from the points of view both of salinity and of the fresh water contribution from the drainage basin. In winter the results show a typical estuarine circulation, produced by the great quantity of fresh water running into Ria. This factor causes flows of arount 2 X 106 kg s-1; 2 m day-1 upward movement of sea water, and a speed of 3 km day-1 for the estuarine residual current in the outlet of the Ria. In summer these values decrease to about one sixth of the winter values, although there is an increase in the circulation of up to 1 X 106 kg s-1 , the consequence of upwelling produced by north winds over the shelf. Later the south winds produce the opposite effect, blocking interchange with the shelf. The mixing of water in the Ria is greater in summer, favouring the arrival and recycling of nutrient salts in the area. | [ES] Se calcula el intercambio de agua entre la ría de Vigo y la plataforma continental a partir de la salinidad y de los aportes de agua dulce desde la cuenta hidrológica. Los resultados manifiestan una circulación típicamente estuárica en invierno, que es causada por la alta cantidad de agua dulce vertida a la Ría. La mezcla de agua en la Ría aumenta según avanza la estación favoreciendo el reciclado y la llegada de sales nutrientes a la zona fótica. | Peer reviewed

This study contributes to the economic assessment of the benefits derived from the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). A practical definition of environmental benefits and a valuation scenario of the non-market benefits of water quality improvement is proposed. This economic assessment is needed to asses whether the WFD is disproportionately costly. The contingent valuation method is applied to the Guadalquivir River Basin (Southern Spain), using a two-stage Heckman estimation model. | Esta investigación responde a la necesidad de información económica relativa a los beneficios derivados de la implementación de la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA). Se plantea una definición práctica del concepto de beneficio ambiental y un escenario de valoración de los beneficios de la mejora de la calidad del agua que no tienen reflejo en el mercado. Esta valoración es necesaria, entre otros aspectos, para la evaluación de la desproporcionalidad de los costes de la DMA. La metodología se aplica a un caso práctico en el Guadalquivir en un ejercicio de valoración contingente y análisis estadístico mediante un modelo Heckman en dos etapas.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de analisar os efeitos dos estresses de luz (sombreamento) e água nas eficiências de uso da radiação (EUR) e da água (EUA) pela cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) durante as suas fases de desenvolvimento. Para tal, foram conduzidos dois experimentos (anos agrícolas 1997/98 e 1998/99) na Área Experimental Vila Chaves, no Campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, localizada no Município de Viçosa, MG. Com as medições de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, matéria seca produzida pela cultura, e a área foliar, foram analisados os efeitos dos estresses hídrico (durante as fases vegetativa e de florescimento) e de luz (durante a fase vegetativa), sob os mecanismos de interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA) pela soja e as suas EUR e EUA. As análises indicaram que a redução do nível de radiação (sombreamento), durante a fase vegetativa, nos dosséis das plantas de soja não causou modificações no seu poder de interceptação (PI) da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa. No primeiro ano de cultivo da soja, o PI das plantas sombreadas foi de 55%, sendo o PI das plantas que se desenvolveram sob o fluxo normal de radiação de 52%. No segundo ano, a soja sombreada interceptou 31% e a não-sombreada, 35%. Foi observado que as plantas sob deficiência de luz tendem a expandir suas folhas mais rapidamente que as não-sombreadas, apresentando uma área foliar específica maior. Na fase seguinte após serem expostas ao nível normal de irradiância solar, mesmo exibindo menor área foliar, essas plantas conseguiram interceptar a radiação na mesma proporção das plantas que não passaram por estresse de luz na fase anterior. Esses mecanismos de adaptação ao estresse de luz permitiram à soja sombreada uma maior eficiência de uso da radiação (EUR), sendo nos dois experimentos, a EUR das plantas sombreadas superior em 16% a EUR das plantas não-sombreadas. A EUR da soja que recebeu estresse hídrico na fase vegetativa apresentou valores diferenciados de um experimento para outro, ou seja, 0,75 g.MJ -1 no ano agrícola 1997/98 e 1,22 g.MJ -1 no ano agrícola 1998/99, sendo, no primeiro experimento, a interceptação da radiação semelhante à das plantas sem estresse hídrico, e no segundo ano houve redução de 21%. O sombreamento da soja ocasionou considerável redução na EUA da soja, enquanto as plantas que receberam estresse hídrico apresentaram os maiores valores de EUA. | An study was carried out to analyze the effects of the water and light stresses (shading) and on the efficiencies of the use of radiation (EUR) and water (EUA) in soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) during its development stages. So, two experiments were conducted (agricultural years 1997/98 and 1998/99) in the experimental area “Vila Chaves” at the campus of the Universidade Federal University de Viçosa, in Viçosa county, MG. Using the data obtained from measuring the photosynthetically active radiation, the dry matter produced by the crop and the leaf area, the analyses were performed for the effects from water stress (over the vegetative and flowering stages) and light stress (over the vegetative stage), under the interception mechanisms of the photosynthetically active radiation (RFA) by soybean and its EUR and EUA. The analyses indicated that the reduction of the radiation level (shading) in the soybean plant canopy during the vegetative stage did not cause modifications in their capacity to intercept (PI) the photosynthetically active radiation. In the first year of soybean cropping, the PI of the shaded plants was 55%, while that of the plants developing under normal radiation flux was 52%. In the second year, the shaded soybean intercepted 31%, whereas those nonshaded ones intercepted 35%. It was observed that the plants under light deficiency tend to expanding their leaves more quickly than those nonshaded ones, as presenting a larger specific leaf area. At the following stage, after they were exposed to the normal level of solar radiance, even when exhibiting a smaller leaf area, these plants are able to intercept the solar radiation at the same proportion as the plants not submitted to light stress over the previous phase. Due to these mechanisms of adaptation to the light stress the shaded soybean reached a higher efficiency of radiation use (EUR), and in both experiments the EUR in shaded plants was 16% higher than that in nonshaded ones. In the soybean subjected to water stress in vegetative stage, the EUR values were different between both experiments, that is 0.75 g.MJ -1 in the agricultural year 1997/98 and 1.22 g.MJ -1 in the agricultural year 1998/99; in the first experiment, the radiation interception was similar to the one of the plants not subjected to water stress, while in the second year occurred a reduction of 21%. The shading of the soybean caused a high reduction in soybean EUA, while those plants subjected to water stress exhibited the highest EUA values. | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

[EN] This study contributes to the economic assessment of the benefits derived from the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). A practical definition of environmental benefits and a valuation scenario of the non-market benefits of water quality improvement is proposed. This economic assessment is needed to asses whether the WFD is disproportionately costly. The contingent valuation method is applied to the Guadalquivir River Basin (Southern Spain), using a two-stage Heckman estimation model. | [ES] Esta investigación responde a la necesidad de información económica relativa a los beneficios derivados de la implementación de la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA). Se plantea una definición práctica del concepto de beneficio ambiental y un escenario de valoración de los beneficios de la mejora de la calidad del agua que no tienen reflejo en el mercado. Esta valoración es necesaria, entre otros aspectos, para la evaluación de la desproporcionalidad de los costes de la DMA. La metodología se aplica a un caso práctico en el Guadalquivir en un ejercicio de valoración contingente y análisis estadístico mediante un modelo Heckman en dos etapas. | SWORD | Martín-Ortega, J.; Berbel, J.; Brouwer, R. (2011). Economic assessment of non-market environmental benefits of water quality: An application of the Water Framework Directive to the Guadalquivir River Basin. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 9(1):65-89. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2009.01.04 | 1 | Esta investigación forma parte del proyecto de la UE: AquaMoney. La encuesta fue financiada por el proyecto CICYT 300083-AGR2006 del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. Ha sido posible gracias al Programa de Formación de Doctores de la Junta de Andalucía y la tesis doctoral de la que procede ha sido premiada por el Centro de Estudios Andaluces. Agradecemos al Dr. Manuel Arriaza su asesoramiento en el trabajo de campo. | 89 | 65 | 9