Groundwater is an extensive, concealed and inaccessible resource, and (in contrast to surface water) changes in quantity and quality are often very slow processes occurring below large land areas. These changes cannot be determined by simple one-off snapshot surveys alone, and require more elaborate monitoring networks and data interpretation. The primary goal of aquifer management is to control the impacts of groundwater abstraction and contaminant loads, and monitoring aquifer response and quality trends provide key inputs for this goal. The evaluation of groundwater issues and the implementation of management solutions require hydrogeological data that are in part baseline and in part time-variant in character-the collection of the time-variant component is what is usually considered groundwater monitoring. Groundwater monitoring thus comprises the collection, analysis and storage of a range of data on a regular basis according to specific circumstances and objectives.

Eichhornia crassipes es una planta de rápido crecimiento distribuida en casi todos los países tropicales, que puede tolerar condiciones de contaminación por metales o por eutrificación de cuerpos de aguas lénticos y lóticos. Esta planta se ha convertido en un problema ambiental; no obstante, ha despertado interés en el tratamiento de la contaminación por metales en suelos agrarios y cuerpos de agua. La toxicidad de los metales es un serio inconveniente en esta motivación, ya que influye en la capacidad de acumulación y la transmisión en la cadena trófica. En esta investigación se evaluó el comportamiento de las tasas de acumulación de cromo en la macrófita acuática Eichhornia crassipes, a concentraciones de 30, 60 y 90 mg/L, utilizando un diseño experimental aleatorio, con control y tres repeticiones por nivel. Los estudios llevados a cabo en acuarios de vidrio, evidenciaron sitios de acumulación de cromo en la planta, estableciéndose la cinética de acumulación.<br>Eichhornia crassipes é uma planta de rápido crescimento distribuídas em quase todos os países tropicais, que podem tolerar condições de contaminação por metáis ou de eutrofização das massas de águas lênticos e lóticos. Essa planta tornou-se um problema ambiental, no entanto, despertou o interesse no tratamento da poluição por metais em solos agrícolas e corpos d'água. A toxicidade dos metais é um problema serio com esse raciocínio, uma vez que afeta a capacidade de armazenamento e transmissão na cadeia alimentar. Neste estudo avaliou o comportamento das taxas de acúmulo de cromo em macrófitas aquáticas Eichhornia crassipes, em concentrações de 30, 60 e 90 mg/L, utilizando um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com controle e três repetições por nível. Estudos realizados em aquários de vidro, apresentaram sítios de acumulação de crómio na planta, que institui a cinética de acumulação.<br>Eichhornia crassipes is a fast growing plant distributed in almost all tropical countries, which can tolerate conditions of metal contamination or eutrophication of bodies of lentic and lotic waters. This plant has become an environmental problem, however, has sparked interest in the treatment of metal pollution in agricultural soils and water bodies. The toxicity of metals is a serious problem with this reasoning, since it affects the storage capacity and transmission into the food chain. In this study we evaluated the behavior of the rates of accumulation of chromium in aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes, at concentrations of 30, 60 and 90 mg/L, using a randomized experimental design with control and three replicates per level. Studies carried out in glass aquaria, showed sites of accumulation of chromium in the plant, establishing the kinetics of accumulation.

The small islands in the Mediterranean Sea suffer water shortages, aggravated by pressure from tourism during the dry season. Many are affected by the intense and increasing human water demand and the harsh climatic and geographic nature of the island terrain. The present study, carried out on the island of Favignana, Egadi Archipelago (southern Italy), evaluates the regime of recharge to the subsurface, and hypothesizes a solution for identifying the areas where groundwater is most abundant, as well as the best management options for human use. By means of hydrological measurements and chemical analyses, a specific location has been identified in the eastern sector of the island where groundwater has optimal quality and the water table is at a depth of only a few metres. In other areas of the island the groundwater is more saline, due to seawater intrusion, and it is present only at greater depths. The residents of the island have in the past lived harmoniously with the climatic and hydrological regime of the island, and have shown good ability to manage the groundwater resources, fed by the limited precipitation that comes in winter, using it as a supplement to the drinking water supply that comes from Trapani (mainland Sicily) by a submarine pipeline and by tanker. Optimized management of the groundwater resources could reduce the volume of freshwater transferred from the mainland.

Alrededor del mundo se han generado muchas investigaciones con el principio de ayudar a la descontaminación de las aguas residuales segregadas por las industrias de curtiembres de una manera eficiente y económica. Eichhornia crassipes es una planta acuática que tiene una gran problemática debido a que se encuentra en la lista de las 100 especies más exóticas e invasoras del mundo, pero sus cualidades fisiológicas de absorción de metales pesados, hace que sea altamente utilizada por algunos países como fitorremediador. Con este proyecto se quiso analizar la remoción de Cromo por Eichhornia crassipes inoculado con Azospirillum brasiliense. La planta fue inoculada en la zona radicular, a la que posteriormente se le realizo un seguimiento a diario tomando medidas morfométricas, y cambios físicos que tuviera la planta. Para evaluar la remoción de Cromo, E. crassipes fue sembrada en un sistema hidropónico, en dos concentraciones diferentes, 100 y 1000 ppm de dicromato de potasio, la medición se tomó diariamente, mediante un espectrofotómetro en una longitud de onda de 470 nm durante las 96 horas del experimento. E. crassipes tuvo una mayor absorción de Cromo a una concentración de 1000 ppm teniendo un porcentaje de remoción de 26%, en comparación del control qué fue del 20%; para la concentración de 100 ppm de Cromo se pudo evidenciar que el control fue mejor que el tratamiento, teniendo un mayor porcentaje de absorción durante las 24 horas el cual se estimó en 48%. Se estimó que la máxima concentración que puede tolerar E. crassipes, antes que empiecen su proceso de marchitamiento, es de 1000 ppm Cromo a un máximo de 96 horas. | Biólogo | Pregrado | Around the world, a lot of research has been generated with the principle of helping to decontaminate wastewater from tannery industries in an efficient and economical way. Eichhornia crassipes is an aquatic plant that has a great problem because it is on the list of the 100 most exotic and invasive species in the world, but its physiological qualities of absorption of heavy metals, makes it highly used by some countries as a phytoremediator. The aim of this project was to analyze the removal of chromium by Eichhornia crassipes inoculated with Azospirillum brasiliense. The plant was inoculated in the root zone, which was subsequently monitored daily by taking morphometric measurements and physical changes in the plant. To evaluate the removal of chromium, E. crassipes was planted in a hydroponic system, in two different concentrations, 100 and 1000 ppm of potassium dichromate, the measurement was taken daily, using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 470 nm during the 96 hours of the experiment. E. crassipes had a higher absorption of chromium at a concentration of 1000 ppm having a removal percentage of 26%, compared to the control which was 20%; for the concentration of 100 ppm of chromium it was evident that the control was better than the treatment, having a higher percentage of absorption during the 24 hours which was estimated at 48%. It was estimated that the maximum concentration that E. crassipes can tolerate before the wilting process begins is 1000 ppm Chromium for a maximum of 96 hours.

Modern agriculture relies on the use of pesticides to increase food production and meet the needs of a growing population. However, inappropriate use of pesticides can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems, as they can enter surface waters or leach into groundwater. This poses a risk to public health since these compounds are persistent and mobile in water sources used for drinking water production. In this context, an investigation was carried out in the Azuero peninsula, to analyze samples of drinking water and groundwater used for consumption. Samples were collected during the rainy season in September 2022 and the dry season in April 2023. EPA Method 525.2 was carried out to detect 17 pesticides using solid phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated the presence of pendimethalin, atrazine, and its metabolite atrazine-desethyl at low concentrations in drinking water samples in the districts of La Villa de Los Santos and Parita, as well as in groundwater in Santa María. However, the concentrations detected were below the permissible limits according to Panamanian regulations (Technical Regulation DGNTI - COPANIT 21-2019) for drinking water. | La agricultura moderna se apoya en el uso de plaguicidas para incrementar la producción de alimentos y satisfacer las necesidades de una población en constante crecimiento. Sin embargo, el uso inadecuado de plaguicidas puede tener un impacto significativo en los ecosistemas acuáticos, ya que pueden ingresar a las aguas superficiales o filtrarse en las aguas subterráneas. Esto plantea un riesgo para la salud pública, puesto que estos compuestos son persistentes y móviles en las fuentes de agua utilizadas para la producción de agua potable. En este contexto, se realizó una investigación en la península de Azuero, con el objetivo de analizar muestras de agua potable y subterráneas que son utilizadas para consumo. Las muestras se recolectaron durante la temporada de lluvias en septiembre de 2022 y la temporada seca en abril de 2023. Se aplicó el Método EPA 525.2 para detectar 17 plaguicidas utilizando extracción en fase sólida (SPE) y cromatografía de gas acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Los resultados indicaron la presencia de pendimentalina, atrazina y su metabolito atrazina-desetil en concentraciones bajas en muestras de agua potable en los distritos de La Villa de Los Santos y Parita, así como en aguas subterráneas en Santa María. Sin embargo, las concentraciones detectadas estuvieron por debajo de los límites permitidos según la normativa panameña (Reglamento Técnico DGNTI – COPANIT 21-2019) para el agua potable.

The purpose of this study is to address the different water authorizations for use and exploitation that exist in the province of Loja, in order to contribute to the proper use, conservation, regulation, storage, distribution and management of water resources; for this purpose, a spatial analysis of the authorizations for use and exploitation of water in the province of Loja granted by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Ecological Transition from Ecuador was carried out through the implementation of geographic information systems. It was obtained that there are 13 266 authorizations in force until 2020, which were granted for different uses, among them the most representative are irrigation, with 8 800, representing 66 % of the total, making it the main activity for which water is destined, followed by human consumption with 2 416 authorizations (18 %) and use in watering places with 1,881 authorizations (14 %), with respect to authorizations for mining use, one authorization was found in Macara canton. It was also determined that in the province of Loja, access to water for human consumption through the public network in the urban sector is 95 % and in rural sectors it is 45 %. In conclusion, the canton with the most authorizations are Loja with a total of 3,807 authorizations, followed by Saraguro with 2 610, and the authorized flow in the entire province is 14 713 l/s, mostly concentrated in Loja and Saraguro for human consumption. | El presente estudio tiene la finalidad de abordar las diferentes autorizaciones de agua para uso y aprovechamiento que existe en la provincia de Loja, con la finalidad de contribuir al correcto aprovechamiento, conservación, regulación, almacenamiento, distribución y gestión de los recursos hídricos; para ello se realizó un análisis espacial de las autorizaciones para uso y aprovechamiento del agua en la provincia de Loja otorgadas por el Ministerio de Ambiente Agua y Transición Ecológica del Ecuador, mediante la ejecución de sistemas de información geográfica. Se obtuvo que existen 13 266 autorizaciones vigentes hasta el año 2020 la cuales fueron otorgadas para diferentes usos entre ellos los más representativos tenemos el riego, con 8.800 representando un 66,3 % del total convirtiéndose en la principal actividad para la cual es destinada el agua, le sigue el consumo humano con 2 416 autorizaciones 18,2 % y uso en abrevaderos con 1.881 autorizaciones (14, 2 %), con respecto a las autorizaciones para el uso en la minería se encontró una autorización en el cantón Macará (0,007 %). En conclusión, el cantón con más autorizaciones es Loja con un total de 3 807 autorizaciones seguido del cantón Saraguro con 2 610, de la misma forma el caudal autorizado en toda la provincia es de 14 713 l/s concentrado mayoritariamente en los cantones Loja y Saraguro destinado para el consumo humano.

Water intended for human consumption must meet the potability standards established by legal regulations. To ensure this, it is often necessary to carry out a series of treatment steps. These procedures typically involve the application of chemical agents, such as aluminum sulfate. However, the residual presence of these products in the water can lead to adverse impacts on the environment and human health. An alternative to address this issue is the adoption of cationic organic polymers as substitutes for conventional chemical agents. Chitosan, an organic polymer derived from chitin, plays a significant role in this context. However, under certain circumstances, modifications to the chitosan structure are required to enable its use as a cationic polysaccharide. One of the most commonly employed reagents for this purpose is 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC). In this context, this research aimed to produce a cationic polysaccharide derived from chitosan through the cationization process in different aqueous media using the CHPTAC reagent. The final product was then applied in water treatment, with variations in dosages and pH. The treatment system was simulated using equipment known as the "Jar Test," followed by filtration with filter paper. The research revealed that the cationization of chitosan resulted in a degree of substitution of 1.39, 1.03, and 0.80, respectively, in QCSA, QCSB, and QCSN. The synthesized chitosans achieved removal efficiencies of up to 97.9% for turbidity and 97.2% for color. Unaltered chitosan (QP) achieved a removal percentage of 98.5% for turbidity and 99.1% for color. Among the evaluated dosages, those frequently mentioned with the highest removal percentages were 15 mg/L; however, higher dosages also demonstrated satisfactory results, especially for QP. Regarding the tested pH ranges, each flocculant analyzed exhibited better performance within a specific pH range, with acidic pH being the most frequent. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of chitosan, both in cationic and non-cationic forms, in the physicochemical water treatment process, playing a significant role in reducing color and turbidity. These results highlight that the use of organic flocculants is a viable alternative to replace widely employed inorganic coagulants. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES | Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERS | A água destinada ao consumo humano deve cumprir os padrões de potabilidade estabelecidos por regulamentos legais, a fim de garantir isso muitas vezes se faz necessário realizar uma série de etapas de tratamento. Estes procedimentos geralmente envolvem a aplicação de agentes químicos, como o sulfato de alumínio, no entanto, a presença residual desses produtos na água pode induzir impactos adversos no meio ambiente e na saúde humana. Uma alternativa para abordar essa problemática é a adoção de polímeros orgânicos catiônicos como substitutos dos agentes químicos convencionais. A quitosana, um polímero orgânico, derivado da quitina, e desempenha um papel relevante nesse contexto. No entanto, em certas circunstâncias, é necessário efetuar modificações na estrutura da quitosana para viabilizar a sua utilização como um polissacarídeo catiônico. Um dos reagentes mais empregados para essa finalidade é o cloreto de 3-cloro-2-hidroxipropiltrimetilamônio (CHPTAC). Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo a produção de um polissacarídeo catiônico derivado da quitosana por meio do processo de cationização em diferentes meios aquosos, fazendo uso do reagente CHPTAC. O produto final foi então aplicado no tratamento de água, variando as dosagens e o pH. O sistema de tratamento foi simulado através do uso do equipamento conhecido como "Jar Test," seguido de filtração com papel filtro. A pesquisa revelou que a cationização da quitosana resultou em grau de substituição de 1,39, 1,03 e 0,80, respectivamente em QCSA, QCSB e QCSN. As quitosanas sintetizadas obtiveram eficiência de remoção de até 97,9% para turbidez e 97,2% para cor. Enquanto que a quitosana não adulterada (QP) alcançou um percentual de remoção de 98,5% da turbidez e 99,1% da cor. Entre as dosagens avaliadas, aquelas frequentemente mencionadas com os maiores percentuais de remoção foram de 15 mg/L, contudo, dosagens mais elevadas também demonstraram resultados satisfatórios para QP. Com relação às faixas de pH testadas, cada floculante analisado mostrou melhor desempenho em uma faixa de pH específica, sendo que o pH ácido foi o mais frequente. O estudo evidenciou a eficácia da quitosana, tanto na forma catiônica quanto não catiônica, no processo de tratamento físico-químico da água, desempenhando um papel significativo na redução de cor e turbidez. Esses resultados destacam que o uso de agentes floculantes orgânicos são uma alternativa viável à substituição dos coagulantes inorgânicos amplamente empregados.

The research was carried out in the irrigation water Channel N located between the districts of Llalli and Cupi of the province of Medgar Puno region, at an altitude of 3950.00 m.s.n.m. East latitude 294,911,378 m. north 8343,943,106 m. irrigated by the waters of the Llallimayo river, with the objective of: evaluate water quality to verify the presence of heavy metals according to the Environmental Quality Standards category 3 D.S. 004-2017-MINAM and their suitability according to Riverside standards; by the constant socio-environmental conflicts raised in the basin, attributed to the activities carried out by the mining company Aruntani SAC. Six samples were collected, three upstream and three downstream of the Channel "N" irrigation distribution network, to evaluate the content of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, ratio of absorption of sodium and residual sodium carbonate, applying the accredited Inductively Coupled Plasma Test Method (ICP-OES) for heavy metals, and qualify their ability to irrigate vegetables and animal drink according to ECA (Quality Standards) and Riverside Nomogram. None of the heavy metals exceeds ECA category 3 D1 and D2, therefore, it is suitable for irrigation and animal consumption; referring to T° 11.47, pH 8.29, CE. 0.423 mhos/cm, RAS 11.42 and CSR 2.42 qualifying as acceptable, S3 risky and not recommended respectively; According to the Riverside Nomogram (USDA) it qualifies as good quality water suitable for irrigation. | La investigación se realizó en la irrigación Canal N, ubicada entre los distritos de Llalli y Cupi de la provincia de Melgar región Puno, a una Altitud de 3950.00 m.s.n.m. latitud este 294,911.378 norte 8343,943.106 irrigada por las aguas del río Llallimayo, con el objetivo de evaluar la calidad del agua para verificar la presencia de metales pesados de acuerdo a los Estándares de Calidad Ambiental (ECA) categoría 3 D.S. 004-2017-MINAM y su aptitud según normas Riverside; por los constantes conflictos socioambientales suscitados en la cuenca, atribuidos a las actividades realizadas por la empresa minera Aruntani SAC. Se recolectaron seis muestras, tres de aguas arriba (río) y tres aguas abajo red de distribución de la irrigación Canal N, para evaluar el contenido de metales pesados y parámetros fisicoquímicos como temperatura, pH, conductividad eléctrica, relación de adsorción de sodio y carbonato sódico residual, aplicando el método de ensayo acreditado Plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-OES) para metales pesados, y calificar su aptitud para el riego de vegetales y bebida para animales de acuerdo a los ECA y, normas Riverside nomograma. Ninguno de los metales pesados superó los ECA categoría 3 D1 y D2, por consiguiente, son aptas para riego y consumo animal; referente a la T° 11,47, pH 8,29, CE. 0,423 mhos/cm, RAS 11,42 y CSR 2,42 califican como C1 aceptable, S3 riesgosa y no recomendable respectivamente; Según el Nomograma de Riverside (USDA) califica como agua de buena calidad apta para riego.

This study analyses the effect of climate change on water quality in the Júcar River Basin from future estimations of hydrological inputs and water temperature (WT). For this purpose, a large-scale water quality model was used to estimate the ecological status of all the water bodies, based on the concentrations of BDO5, P, NH4+ and NO3– for the future horizons 2020, 2050 and 2080. In this study, a greater number of water bodies with higher pollution levels (80-100% failures) were obtained in the horizons 2050 and 2080, which are located in the middle and lower parts of the basin. In addition, the degradation of BDO5 and the NH4+ is highly dependent on WT, highlighting the importance of considering this variable in the model. | En este estudio se analiza el efecto del cambio climático en la calidad del agua de la cuenca del Júcar a partir de estimaciones futuras de aportaciones hidrológicas y temperatura del agua (Ta). Para ello, se utilizó un modelo de calidad de aguas a escala de cuenca con el que se estimó el estado ecológico de todas las masas de agua, basándose en las concentraciones de DBO5, P, NH4+ y NO3- para los horizontes futuros 2020, 2050 y 2080. De este análisis se obtuvo un incremento del número de masas con altos niveles de contaminación (80-100% incumplimientos) en los horizontes 2050 y 2080, localizadas sobre todo en la parte media y baja de la cuenca. Además, la degradación de la DBO5 y el NH4+ es muy dependiente de la temperatura del agua, poniendo de manifiesto la importancia de considerar esta variable en el modelo.