This thesis addresses removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) from WWTP effluents, and evaluation of risks associated with their reuse in agriculture. Three treatment technologies were investigated for the removal of pharmaceuticals, including COVID-19 related compounds. The technologies encompass Solar/UV-LED photocatalysis, an Ozone system with Micro-Nano Bubbles (OMNB), and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). MNBs greatly enhanced ozone's ability to remove CECs compared to traditional O3 methods. The best results were seen at a flow rate of 2000 L/h and 15.9 gO3/h. An initial assessment of the generated transformation products was presented. The CPC/UV-LED-TiO2 system, featuring a self-designed UV-LED, was more efficient than commercial lamps. The adsorbent MG1050, was implemented in a 3-module pilot prototype featuring disc-filtration, GAC bed adsorption, and UV disinfection. Outcomes were promising, with nearly 100% CEC elimination efficiencies in the regeneration system. An agronomic evaluation of effluent quality from different technologies assessed their impact on lettuce and carrot crops.

Tesis previa obtención del título de Ingeniero/a en Gestión Ambiental | La presente investigación se realizó con el fin de evaluar la calidad del estero 'El Tigre', usando las comunidades biológicas de macroinvertebrados y peces como bioindicadores. Para este estudio se escogieron 5 puntos de muestreos, desde el tramo más alto hasta el más bajo, teniendo en cuanta que, al ser un río intermitente, tiene la particularidad de poseer sitios donde las afectaciones son independientes, es decir, una estación no tiene conexión directa con la siguiente estación, debido a que en algunas partes del estero el caudal permanece y en otras es completamente seco.

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar como los sistemas de cosecha de agua tienen un impacto en los roles de género de las familias en dos municipios de influencia del Proyecto de Cosecha de Agua: Somoto y San Lucas. Con la finalidad de cumplir lo anterior se realizó un analisis en donde se seleccionaron 40 familias y a estas se le aplicaron métodos cualitativos para la toma de resultados.

Inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, pH and conductivity in rainwater were measured at Corrientes (27°27’S, 58°47’W) during 1984-1985. Mean water pH was 5.97 (4.60 - 7.15) and mean conductivity was 11.5 uS/cm (2.7 - 21 uS/cm) showing good waterquality. Concentration showed positive correlation with the length of time betweensuccessive rains and were inversely correlated with precipitation volume. Both inorganic nitrogen concentrations and fallout, were low (mean conc.: 315 µg Ninorg/1 mean fallout: 190 µg Ninorg/m2 yr) when compared with the reported figures in unpolluted locations. Total phosphorus concentration (36 µg TP/1) and fallout (16.5 µg TP/m2 yr) were relatively high probably because of dust contribution. Fallout rates resulted an order of magnitude lower than those of very polluted areas.lt was shown that nutrient fallout is important in determining trophic status of shallow lakes and ponds profuselly distributed in Corrientes province. | Inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, pH and conductivity in rainwater were measured at Corrientes (27°27’S, 58°47’W) during 1984-1985. Mean water pH was 5.97 (4.60 - 7.15) and mean conductivity was 11.5 uS/cm (2.7 - 21 uS/cm) showing good waterquality. Concentration showed positive correlation with the length of time betweensuccessive rains and were inversely correlated with precipitation volume. Both inorganic nitrogen concentrations and fallout, were low (mean conc.: 315 µg Ninorg/1 mean fallout: 190 µg Ninorg/m2 yr) when compared with the reported figures in unpolluted locations. Total phosphorus concentration (36 µg TP/1) and fallout (16.5 µg TP/m2 yr) were relatively high probably because of dust contribution. Fallout rates resulted an order of magnitude lower than those of very polluted areas.lt was shown that nutrient fallout is important in determining trophic status of shallow lakes and ponds profuselly distributed in Corrientes province.

Relación entre la calidad del agua para consumo humano y el plan de actividades sanitarias a nivel domiciliario. Sector Azungue, Moyobamba, 2021 La salud pública depende del agua limpia y de fácil acceso. Mejorar el suministro de agua, el saneamiento y la gestión de recursos es una tarea que se ha convertido en un reto para los gobiernos, dado que estos servicios deben estar disponibles siempre que se necesiten y libres de agentes contaminantes que pongan en riesgo la salud de los usuarios. En este sentido, surgió la presente investigación con el objetivo aplicar un plan de actividades sanitarias para mejorar el conocimiento sobre calidad del agua para consumo humano en el sector Azungue, el mismo que se desarrolló de diciembre del 2020 a agosto del 2021. Se trabajó bajo un diseño preexperimental y con una muestra aleatoria de 20 familias a quienes se les administró una preprueba y posprueba de conocimientos sobre agua potable. Para determinar la calidad del agua se evaluaron los parámetros físicos, químicos y biológicos, concluyendo que, respecto a los parámetros físicos, al iniciar la investigación, tanto la turbiedad como el color superaron los límites máximos permisibles, mientras que la conductividad y los sólidos totales disueltos estaban dentro de los límites máximos permisibles. Después de las actividades sanitarias todos los parámetros físicos estaban dentro de los límites máximos permisibles. Todos los parámetros químicos estaban dentro de los límites permisibles, salvo el aluminio que al inicio se encontraba afuera de dichos límites. En los parámetros biológicos tanto al iniciar como al finalizar la investigación, los coliformes totales y termotolerantes sobrepasaban los límites máximos permisibles, por lo que se concluye que el agua que consumen las familias en el sector Azungue no es apta para el consumo humano. Asimismo, se obtuvieron avances significativos en cuanto al conocimiento sobre contaminación del agua y su tratamiento desde la recolección hasta el consumo por parte de las familias. En este sentido, las capacitaciones están relacionadas con los conocimientos que adquirieron los pobladores. | Relationship between the drinking water quality and the sanitary activities plan at household level. Azungue Sector, Moyobamba, 2021 Public health depends on clean and easily accessible water. Improving water supply, sanitation and resource management is a task that has become a challenge for governments, since these services must be available whenever they are needed and free of contaminants that put users' health at risk. For this reason, the present research was developed with the objective of applying a plan of sanitary activities to improve knowledge about the quality of water for human consumption in the Azungue sector, which was carried out from December 2020 to August 2021. The study was conducted under a pre-experimental design with a random sample of 20 families who were administered a pre-test and post-test of knowledge about drinking water. To determine water quality, physical, chemical and biological parameters were evaluated, concluding that, with respect to physical parameters, at the beginning of the investigation, both turbidity and color exceeded the maximum permissible limits, while conductivity and total dissolved solids were within the maximum permissible limits. After the sanitation activities, all physical parameters were within the maximum permissible limits and all chemical parameters were within the permissible limits, except for aluminum, which was outside these limits at the beginning. In terms of biological parameters, both at the beginning and at the end of the investigation, total and thermotolerant coliforms exceeded the maximum permissible limits, which leads to the conclusion that the water consumed by families in the Azungue sector is not suitable for human consumption. Significant progress was also made in terms of knowledge about water contamination and its treatment from collection to consumption by families. In this sense, the training is related to the knowledge acquired by the villagers.

Las estrategias para disminuir el consumo de agua en el cultivo del arroz son un factor clave para enfrentar la escasez del recurso hídrico en la agricultura y asegurar las sostenibilidad del cultivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del riego intermitente en los componentes de rendimiento y manejo de agua usando once genotipos de arroz. Los componentes de rendimiento, características agronómicas y manejo de agua fueron comparados entre el sistema de riego intermitente y el riego por inundación permanente. Los resultados indican que con el riego intermitente disminuye- ron las panículas por m2, sin afectar el número de granos por panícula y el peso de 1.000 granos, causando una disminución del 30,6% en el rendimiento promedio. Sin embargo, se obtuvo un aumento del 14,2% en el porcentaje de grano entero y un 41% de ahorro de agua, respecto a riego por inundación permanente. Los genotipos con mejor comportamiento fueron el cv. Diamante y Quila 208902, con disminución en rendimiento de 25,45 y 18,03%, respectivamente. La eficiencia de uso del agua fue mayor en riego intermitente, con 0,726 kg m-3nbsp;en relación a 0,523 kg m-3nbsp;del riego por inundación permanente. Se concluyó que el riego intermitente permite disminuir el consumo de agua del arroz y puede ser aplicable en situaciones de escasez hídrica, con genotipos adaptados, sin embargo se requiere más investigación en este tema.

INTRODUCCION: Existen cambios fisiológicos que se producen en las mujeres a partir de los primeros años de posmenopausia. Dentro de la lista, se destacan las alteraciones a nivel de la composición muscular, asociándose con pérdida del tamaño y debilidad muscular. El uso de tamizajes nutricionales y la impedancia eléctrica son métodos no invasivos que se utilizan para la valoración del estado nutricional y composición corporal. En estudios anteriores se propuso la relación AIC/MM como predictor de la calidad muscular, y está asociado independientemente con el estado nutricional en las mujeres posmenopáusicas. METODO: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal, con muestreo aleatorio, realizado con un total de 175 mujeres posmenopáusicas con una edad media de 72,34 ± 12,26 años que viven independientemente participaron del estudio. La ratio AIC/MM se calculó con el equipo de impedancia eléctrica, y el riesgo nutricional se estimó con el screening MNA. RESULTADOS: Solamente el 24,5% de las participantes (n=42) presentaron riesgo nutricional asociado con bajo peso, IMC, masa magra, masa muscular apendicular (p<0.05). La disminución de AIC/MM mostró correlación significativa con el riesgo nutricional (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Este estudio propone que la AIC/MM puede ser una herramienta válida para estimar cambios en el estado nutricional en mujeres posmenopáusicas. Y la disminución del contenido de AIC de la MM puede usarse como indicador de la calidad muscular, tanto funcional como estructural. | INTRODUCTION: There are physiological changes that occur in women from the early postmenopausal years. Among the list, alterations at the level of muscle composition stand out, associated with loss of muscle size and weakness. The use of nutritional screening and electrical impedance are non-invasive methods used for the assessment of nutritional status and body composition. Previous studies have proposed the AIC/MM ratio as a predictor of muscle quality, and it is independently associated with nutritional status in postmenopausal women. METHOD: Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional, randomly sampled, descriptive study conducted with a total of 175 postmenopausal women with a mean age of 72.34 ± 12.26 years living independently participated in the study. The AIC/MM ratio was calculated with electrical impedance equipment, and nutritional risk was estimated with MNA screening. RESULTS: Only 24.5% of participants (n=42) presented nutritional risk associated with low weight, BMI, lean mass, appendicular muscle mass (p<0.05). The decrease in AIC/MM showed significant correlation with nutritional risk (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study proposes that AIC/MM can be a valid to ol to estimate changes in nutritional status in postmenopausal women. And the decrease in AIC content of MM can be used as an indicator of muscle quality, both functional and structural.

Orientador: Pedro Toledo Netto | Monografia (graduação) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Centro de Estudos do Mar, Curso de Graduação em Engenahria Ambiental e Sanitária | Inclui referências | Resumo : Os contaminantes emergentes são substâncias que em sua maioria não são regulamentadas pela legislação. No entanto, podem ser candidatos a uma futura regulamentação, dependendo de investigações sobre seus efeitos potenciais à saúde ambiental. Um dos principais agravantes é que estas substâncias têm como via principal a água, ou seja, após serem usadas ou ingeridas pelas pessoas podem atingir o sistema de esgoto, passando pelo sistema de tratamento, no qual podem não ser removidas ou eliminadas completamente pelos processos tradicionais de tratamento de água e de esgoto, e acabam em diferentes ecossistemas. Os produtos de origem farmacêutica têm recebido maior atenção por conta do seu consumo em larga escala, associado às práticas de automedicação e a relação do seu uso com o aumento da expectativa de vida. Dentre estes medicamentos, destaca-se o diclofenaco (DCF), sendo frequentemente encontrado em águas superficiais e residuais. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram otimizar um método para determinação de DCF em água superficial do canal DNOS no município de Pontal do Paraná e determinar seus parâmetros de qualidade. O método de pré-concentração de DCF das amostras de água se mostrou seletivo, exato e preciso, podendo ser utilizado para fins de monitoramento deste contaminante emergente em águas superficiais, com limite de quantificação do método de 7,2 µg L-1. O DCF foi detectado apenas em duas das 18 amostras, mas levanta-se um alerta, uma vez que a detecção do DCF em dois pontos de coleta do canal mostra que além dele pode haver outros contaminantes emergentes e que precisam ser investigados. Quanto à qualidade da água analisada, apesar de tratar-se de um canal destinado a drenagem de águas pluviais, o diagnóstico da qualidade da água do canal DNOS nos traz um panorama sobre a saúde ambiental do local. Os parâmetros pH, turbidez, íons nitrito e nitrato e nitrogênio amoniacal estavam dentro dos valores máximos permitidos pela legislação nacional, entre os enquadramentos de classe 1, 2 e 3. Já a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido excedeu a concentração máxima permitida na legislação em 4 dos 6 pontos. O fósforo solúvel não atendeu o limite exigido em legislação em nenhuma das amostras. Ambos os parâmetros (OD e fósforo solúvel) estão relacionados com a eutrofização aparente do canal nos pontos de coleta, e indicam a necessidade de uma ação a ser realizada a fim de conter este processo, contribuindo para a manutenção do ecossistema aquático do local, e com a melhoria da harmonia paisagística | Abstract : Emerging contaminants are substances that are mostly not regulated by legislation. However, they may be candidates for future regulation, depending on research into their potential effects on environmental health. One of the main aggravating factors is that these substances have water as their main route, meaning that after being used or ingested by people, they can reach the sewage system, passing through the treatment system, where they may not be removed or eliminated by traditional water and sewage treatment processes, and end up in different ecosystems. Pharmaceutical products have received greater attention due to their large-scale consumption, associated with self-medication practices and the relationship between their use and increased life expectancy. Among these drugs, diclofenac (DCF) stands out, as it is frequently found in surface and wastewater. The main objectives of this study were to optimize a method for determining DCF in surface water from the DNOS canal in the city of Pontal do Paraná, and to determine its quality parameters. The DCF preconcentration method for water samples proved to be selective, accurate and precise, and could be used for monitoring this emerging contaminant in surface water, with a method quantification limit of 7.2 µg L-1. DCF was only detected in two of the 18 samples, but this raises a warning, since the detection of DCF at two collection points in the canal shows that there may be other emerging contaminants besides it that need to be investigated. Regarding quality of the water analyzed, despite the fact that this is a canal intended for rainwater drainage, the diagnosis of the water quality of the DNOS canal gives us an overview of it's environmental health. The parameters pH, turbidity, nitrite and nitrate ions and ammoniacal nitrogen were within the maximum values allowed by national legislation, between class 1, 2 and 3. The concentration of dissolved oxygen exceeded the maximum concentration allowed by legislation at 4 of the 6 points. Soluble phosphorus did not meet the limit required by law in any of the samples. Both parameters (DO and soluble phosphorus) are related to the apparent eutrophication of the channel at the collection points and indicate the need for action to be taken in order to contain this process, contributing to the maintenance of the local aquatic ecosystem, and improving landscape harmony