El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el efecto del tipo de alimento -uno vivo, representado por Daphnia pulex y uno balanceado de la marca Purina Camaronina 35 con 35% de proteínas- y la calidad del agua -presencia y ausencia de microorganismos, y sólidos suspendidos- en el crecimiento y sobrevivencia de postlarvas del crustáceo Cambarellus montezumae. Para lo cual, se formaron 4 tratamientos que se evaluaron durante 14 semanas, mediante la realización de observaciones y biometrías periódicas como seguimiento del desarrollo en los organismos. Los datos obtenidos registraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (p< 0.05), en donde los mejores resultados de crecimiento y sobrevivencia se obtuvieron en los organismos alimentados con el alimento balanceado (M2 y M4), independientemente de la calidad del agua. Además, se obtuvieron valores de proteínas de hasta 45% y en la fracción lipídica se identificaron los ácidos grasos 20:4 n6 (ARA), 20:5 n3 (EPA) y 22:6 n3 (DHA) al considerar el cuerpo total del organismo. Lo antes mencionado incrementa el interés por el cultivo sustentable de C. montezumae para ser utilizado en la industria alimentaria a través de su adición en productos alimentarios de consumo humano debido a su contenido de biomoléculas de importancia biológica. | The objective of this research was to determine the effect of the type of food -a line one represented by Daphnia pulex and a one commercial Camaronina 35 by Purina with 35% protein- and water quality -presence and absence of microorganisms and suspended solids- on growth and survival of postlarvae of the crustacean Cambarellus montezumae. Four treatments were evaluated for 14 weeks conducting observations and periodic measurements as a follow-up of the development of the organisms. The obtained data showed significant differences between treatments (p< 0.05), where the best results in growth and survival were obtained in the organisms fed on animal feed (M2 and M4) regardless of the water quality. In addition, values of up to 45% protein were obtained and the lipid fraction identified as the fatty acids 20:4 n6 (ARA), 20:5 n3 (EPA) and 22:6 n3 (DHA) when considering the total body of the organisms. Our results increase the interest in the sustainable culture of C. montezumae to be used in the food industry through its addition to food products for human consumption due to its content of biomolecules of biological importance.

Esta tesis pretende contribuir al fomento y utilización de la energía solar como alternativa para la producción de agua caliente en el sector agroindustrial. La demanda de agua caliente es un aspecto clave en un gran número de agroindustrias y explotaciones agrarias. Esta demanda presenta una gran variabilidad, tanto en los horarios en que se solicita como en la temperatura del agua del depósito requerida (TADr), difiriendo del perfil de demanda habitual para uso doméstico. Existe una necesidad de profundizar en la influencia que tiene la variación de la TADr en la eficiencia y viabilidad de estos sistemas. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es caracterizar el funcionamiento de un sistema solar térmico (SST) con captador de tubos de vacío (CTV) para producir agua a temperaturas superiores a las habituales en estos sistemas. Se pretende determinar la influencia que la TADr tiene sobre la eficiencia energética del sistema, cuantificar el volumen de agua caliente que es capaz de suministrar en función de la TADr y determinar la rentabilidad del SST como sistema complementario de suministro. Para ello, se ha diseñado, instalado y puesto a punto un sistema experimental de calentamiento de agua, monitorizando su funcionamiento a diferentes TADr bajo condiciones ambientales reales. Los resultados cuantifican cómo el aumento de la TADr provoca una disminución de la energía suministrada al depósito, pudiendo superar diferencias de 1000 Wh m-2 d-1 entre 40 ºC y 80 ºC, para valores de irradiación solar próximos a 8000 Wh m-2 d-1 (la eficiencia del sistema oscila entre 73% y 56%). Esta reducción es consecuencia de la disminución de la eficiencia del captador y del aumento de las pérdidas de calor en las tuberías del circuito. En cuanto al agua suministrada, cuanto mayor es la TADr, mayor es la irradiación solar requerida para que tenga lugar la primera descarga de agua, aumentando el tiempo entre descargas y disminuyendo el número de éstas a lo largo del día. A medida que se incrementa la TADr, se produce una reducción del volumen de agua suministrado a la TADr, por factores como la pérdida de eficiencia del captador, las pérdidas en las tuberías, la energía acumulada en el agua que no alcanza la TADr y la mayor energía extraída del sistema en el agua producida. Para una TADr de 80 ºC, una parte importante de la energía permanece acumulada en el depósito sin alcanzar la TADr al final del día. Para aprovechar esta energía sería necesario disponer de un sistema complementario de suministro, ya que las pérdidas de calor nocturnas en el depósito pueden reducir considerablemente la energía útil disponible al día siguiente. La utilización del sistema solar como sistema único de suministro es inviable en la mayoría de los casos, especialmente a TADr elevadas, al no ajustarse la demanda de agua caliente a la estacionalidad de la producción del sistema solar, y al existir muchos días sin producción de agua caliente por la ausencia de irradiación mínima. Por el contrario, la inversión del sistema solar como sistema complementario para suministrar parte de la demanda térmica de una instalación es altamente recomendable. La energía útil anual del sistema solar estimada oscila entre 1322 kWh m-2 y 1084 kWh m-2. La mayor rentabilidad se obtendría suponiendo la existencia de una caldera eléctrica, donde la inversión se recuperaría en pocos años -entre 5.7 años a 40 ºC y 7.2 años a 80 ºC -. La rentabilidad también es elevada suponiendo la existencia de una caldera de gasóleo, con periodos de recuperación inferiores a 10 años. En una industria ficticia con demanda de 100 kWh d-1 y caldera de gasóleo existente, la inversión en una instalación solar optimizada sería rentable a cualquier TADr, con valores de VAN cercanos a la inversión realizada -12000 € a 80 ºC y 15000€ a 40 ºC- y un plazo de recuperación de la inversión entre 8 y 10 años. Los resultados de este estudio pueden ser de gran utilidad a la hora de determinar la viabilidad de utilización de sistemas similares para suministrar la demanda de agua caliente de agroindustrias y explotaciones agropecuarias, o para otras aplicaciones en las que se demande agua a temperaturas distintas de la habitual en uso doméstico (60 ºC). En cada caso, los rendimientos y la rentabilidad vendrán determinados por la irradiación de la zona, la temperatura del agua requerida y la curva de demanda de los procesos específicos. ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the development and use of solar energy as an alternative for producing hot water in the agribusiness sector. Hot water supply is a key issue for a great many agribusinesses and agricultural holdings. Both hot water demand times and required tank water temperature (rTWT) are highly variable, where the demand profile tends to differ from domestic use. Further research is needed on how differences in rTWT influence the performance and feasibility of these systems. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the performance and test the feasibility of an evacuated tube collector (ETC) solar water heating (SWH) system providing water at a higher temperature than is usual for such systems. The aim is to determine what influence the rTWT has on the system’s energy efficiency, quantify the volume of hot water that the system is capable of supplying at the respective rTWT and establish whether SWH is feasible as a booster supply system for the different analysed rTWTs. To do this, a prototype water heating system has been designed, installed and commissioned and its performance monitored at different rTWTs under real operating conditions. The quantitative results show that a higher rTWT results in a lower energy supply to the tank, where the differences may be greater than 1000 Wh m-2 d-1 from 40 ºC to 80 ºC for insolation values of around 8000 Wh m-2 d-1 (system efficiency ranges from 73% to 56%). The drop in supply is due to lower collector efficiency and greater heat losses from the pipe system. As regards water supplied at the rTWT, the insolation required for the first withdrawal of water to take place is greater at higher rTWTs, where the time between withdrawals increases and the number of withdrawals decreases throughout the day. As rTWT increases, the volume of water supplied at the rTWT decreases due to factors such as lower collector efficiency, pipe system heat losses, energy stored in the water at below the rTWT and more energy being extracted from the system by water heating. For a rTWT of 80 ºC, much of the energy is stored in the tank at below the rTWT at the end of the day. A booster supply system would be required to take advantage of this energy, as overnight tank heat losses may significantly reduce the usable energy available on the following day. It is often not feasible to use the solar system as a single supply system, especially at high rTWTs, as, unlike the supply from the solar heating system which does not produce hot water on many days of the year because insolation is below the required minimum, hot water demand is not seasonal. On the other hand, investment in a solar system as a booster system to meet part of a plant’s heat energy demand is highly recommended. The solar system’s estimated annual usable energy ranges from 1322 kWh m-2 to 1084 kWh m-2. Cost efficiency would be greatest if there were an existing electric boiler, where the payback period would be just a few years —from 5.7 years at 40 ºC to 7.2 years at 80 ºC—. Cost efficiency is also high if there is an existing diesel boiler with payback periods of under 10 years. In a fictitious industry with a demand of 100 kWh day-1 and an existing diesel boiler, the investment in the solar plant would be highly recommended at any rTWT, with a net present value similar to investment costs —12000 € at 80 ºC and 15000 € at 40 ºC— and a payback period of 10 years. The results of this study are potentially very useful for determining the feasibility of using similar systems for meeting the hot water demand of agribusinesses and arable and livestock farms or for other applications demanding water at temperatures not typical of domestic demand (60ºC). Performance and cost efficiency will be determined by the regional insolation, the required water temperature and the demand curve of the specific processes in each case.

This research discusses the domestic use of water with the purpose of understanding what alternatives are use and utilized according to the life style of the riverside. Two riverside communities were analyzed: Conceição Hole Community and the Samauma Hole Community, both located on the Island of Onças, state of Para and whose way of life are marked by specific social economic and cultural identity. The guiding of this question in this research is; How to use the domestic waters in Riverside communities and what is the relationship of such use to the way of life of these populations? The methodology adopted in the study was a qualitative approach, from a historical - descriptive analysis sought to reconstruct the history of identities of those communities in addition to observe and understand the subjective aspects of the domestic water used in these locations. The theoretical framework of these research was based on riverside populations, and multiple use of water; beside, the great project impacts in the Amazon. It is concluded that there are changes of habits and culture man-water relations in the riverside areas of Para, because the analyzed communities have, for example, to buy water for domestic use in function of supply problems and environmental impacts that are present in hydrographic of Barcarena basins and riverbeds circulated river basins. | Esta pesquisa discute o uso doméstico da água, com o propósito de compreender quais as alternativas deste uso são utilizadas de acordo com o modo de vida de ribeirinhos. Foram analisadas duas comunidades desta natureza: a Comunidade do Furo Conceição e a Comunidade do Furo Samaúma, ambas localizadas na Ilha das Onças, Estado do Pará e cujos modos de vida são marcados por uma identidade cultural, econômica e social específica. A questão norteadora desta pesquisa é: Como se dá o uso doméstico da água nas comunidades ribeirinhas e quais são as relações desse uso com o modo de vida dessas populações? A metodologia adotada no estudo foi a abordagem qualitativa, a partir de uma análise histórico-descritiva em que se buscou reconstruir a história identitária das comunidades, além de observar e compreender os aspectos subjetivos do uso doméstico da água nesses locais. O arcabouço teórico da pesquisa fundamentou-se em temas, como: rural; modos de vida; populações ribeirinhas e usos múltiplos da água e, também, os impactos de grandes projetos na Amazônia. Concluiu-se que há uma mudança de hábitos e de cultura na relação homem-água nas áreas ribeirinhas do Pará, pois as comunidades analisadas passaram, por exemplo, a comprar água para uso doméstico em função dos problemas de abastecimento e impactos ambientais que estão presentes nas bacias hidrográficas de Barcarena e no leito dos rios que as circundam.

O abastecimento da água para consumo humano em Ribeirão Preto é integralmente proveniente do aquífero Guarani, e o sistema público é administrado pelo Departamento de Água e Esgotos de Ribeirão Preto (Daerp). A Divisão de Vigilância Sanitária (Visa) municipal realiza o monitoramento da qualidade da água e a avaliação sistemática dos resultados, registrando-os mensalmente no SISAGUA. O presente trabalho apresenta e discute a situação atual da qualidade da água para consumo humano proveniente do sistema público no município de Ribeirão Preto. Foram analisados resultados das análises de parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos de amostras de água coletadas na saída dos tratamentos e na rede de abastecimento em 2013. A qualidade da água para consumo humano mostrou-se adequada aos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação, com exceção da adição de flúor à água para prevenção de cáries dentárias. Com relação aos parâmetros bacteriológicos, foi garantido tratamento adequado, afastando a população do contato com organismos patogênicos. Pelos dados apresentados, verificou-se que o consumo médio foi de 930,68 L/hab./dia em 2013. Recomendam-se a adequação do sistema de dosagem de flúor e a implantação de medidas para adequação dos padrões de consumo da água às exigências atuais de sustentabilidade no uso deste recurso natural.

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A venda de camarões de água doce e seus derivados têm crescido substancialmente nas últimas décadas. </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">No entanto</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">, os protocolos de </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">preparação,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">manuseio</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">e conservação</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">realizados sem</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">considerações</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">de higiene</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">muitas vezes faz o consumo de camarões </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">perigosos</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">para os consumidores.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">O objetivo deste estudo</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">foi diagnosticar</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">os aspectos</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">higiênico-sanitários </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">no</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">comércio</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">de camarão</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">de água doce</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">, além de descrever a </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">variação do preço</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">e</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> dinâmica de fornecimento desse</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">camarão, em feiras</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">populares</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">das cidades</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">de</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">Macapá</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">e</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">Santana</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">entre Fevereiro e novembro</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">de 2011</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">O ambiente</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">visual,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">a construção</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">, a instalação, o equipamento, o mobiliário </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">e utensílios,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">a presença de</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">vetores e pragas</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">urbanas,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">o</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">abastecimento de água,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">a</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">gestão de resíduos</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">e os manipuladores</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">foram analisados</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">de acordo com com base nas recomendações</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">da Resolução</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">-</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">RDC n º</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">216/</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">04 </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">da Agência</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">(ANVISA)</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">Os resultados demonstram</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">que, apesar de</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">a comercialização de</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">camarão</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">se movem</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">quantidades significativas de</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">recursos</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">, as feiras </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">Macapa e</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">Santana</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">não mostraram condições de</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">infra-estrutura e</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">higiene</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">adequados.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">A manipulação</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">inadequada</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">e</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">higiene</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">observada pode afetar a qualidade</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">bioquímica e microbiológica</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">de camarões</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> comercializados </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">e facilitar a</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">transmissão de patógenos</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">para os consumidores.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">As variações de preços</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">dos camarões</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">ao longo do ano</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">estão diretamente relacionados com</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">as variações sazonais</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">de oferta,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">tamanho </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">e formas de</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">comercialização</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">demonstrando claramente</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">a ocorrência de</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">um</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">período de safra</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">na região.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">Macrobrachium</span></em></span><span class="longtext"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></em></span><span class="hps"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">amazonicum</span></em></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">foi a espécie</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">com maior</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">variação de volume</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">e de preço</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">durante o estudo.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">Afuá</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">foi a região</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">com maior</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">oferta em volume</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">de camarões</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: " lang="PT">durante o estudo.</span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2" 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El kefir de agua (KA) es una bebida fermentada medianamente ácida elaborada con soluciones azucaradas y fermentada por un consorcio de microorganismos, principalmente bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) y levaduras (LEV), embebidas en un polisacárido llamado gránulo de KA. La presencia de hongos y sus toxinas es un problema de la producción de alimentos, como Aspergillus ochraceus y sus micotoxinas especialmente en café y vino. Entre algunas alternativas que se han evaluado para su inhibición se incluyen las bacterias ácido lácticas y productos fermentados en general. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad del KA en inhibir o retrasar el crecimiento de A. ochraceus. Se emplearon 8 sobrenadantes libres de células (SLC) obtenidos de diferentes fermentaciones de panela con gránulos de KA y con diferentes concentraciones de ácidos orgánicos (láctico y acético). Se hicieron fermentaciones con gránulos de KA en solución de panela por periodos de 32,5 h, a 25, 30 y 37 °C. Se determinaron la cinética de acidificación; el incremento de biomasa y se hizo el recuento de los grupos de microorganismos que componen el gránulo. A 25 °C se determinó el mayor aumento de biomasa (92%). La temperatura de fermentación afectó el recuento de los microorganismos que conforman el gránulo, principalmente las BAL, disminuyendo su cantidad a la máxima temperatura de fermentación (37 °C) (6,4x107UFC ml-1), comparado con la mínima temperatura (25 ºC) (4,0x106 UFC ml-1). El fermento que presentó mayor actividad antifúngica fue el SLC5 (pH: 3,2; temperatura de fermentación: 30 °C). El poder inhibitorio se atribuyó a los ácidos orgánicos producidos durante la fermentación, aunque no se puede descartar que hayan actuado otras sustancias no cuantificadas.Se pudo comprobar que el KA puede fermentar y aumentar su biomasa en un sustrato como el agua de panela y que sus SLC tienen la capacidad de reducir el crecimiento de A. ochraceus.

En la Unidad Científico Tecnológica de Base de los Palacios (UCTB), perteneciente al Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), se obtuvo un nuevo cultivar de arroz de ciclo medio denominado José LP-20, obtenido mediante hibridaciones, con excelentes características en cuanto a rendimiento de grano, calidad molinera yresistencia a plagas, así como un buen comportamiento en condiciones de bajo suministro de agua y fertilizante. Con esta nuevo cultivar la UCTB espera favorecer a los productores de arroz del sector cooperativo campesino.

Fil: Bravo, María Virginia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Argentina | In this thesis approach a topic of particular interest in the study of ionic liquids, their physicochemical properties and molecular microscopic, as well as the binary its mixtures with molecular solvents and water. Ionic liquids arise as an alternative to molecular solvents but their entry in the system is not passive. In short, it aims is to develop solvent systems from the selection of the most relevant molecular microscopic properties in systems formed by ionic liquids and molecular / water solvent, calling them "New Solvents of design". In this regard, the molecular solvent is systematically varied according to their donor - aceptor hydrogen bond characteristics, ranging from homogeneous solutions to microheterogeneous including organized systems like as micellar. According to the most relevant microscopic property that characterizes the solvent designed, they were applied to different reactive systems to manifest this property in the process. It was analyzed the influence of the acidity in this kind of solvents on the development of a model reaction, where catalysis was relevant in the process. In sum, the thesis attempt to reach concrete definitions of "property of a solvent" from the perspectives and possibilities of their use, adding to the discussion the comparison the properties of molecular solvents and those of ionic liquids, which should contribute to a better selection of solvent, including environmental preservation. | En la presente tesis se aborda un tema de particular interés en el estudio de los Líquidos iónicos, sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y microscópicas moleculares, como así también las de sus mezclas binarias con solventes moleculares y agua. Los líquidos iónicos surgen como una alternativa a los solventes moleculares pero su participación por lejos deja de ser pasiva. En definitiva, se pretende desarrollar sistemas de solventes a partir de la selección de las propiedades microscópicas moleculares más relevantes en los sistemas formados por líquidos iónicos con solventes moleculares / agua, denominándolos “Nuevos Solventes de diseño”. En este sentido, se varió sistemáticamente el solvente molecular según sus características donoras y/o aceptoras de enlace hidrógeno, abarcando desde soluciones homogéneas hasta microheterogéneas, incluyendo sistemas organizados como son los micelares. De acuerdo a la propiedad microscópica más relevante que caracteriza al solvente diseñado, los mismos fueron aplicados a distintos sistemas reactivos de manera de manifestar esta propiedad con claridad en dicho proceso. Se analizó la influencia de la acidez de esta clase de solventes sobre el desarrollo de una reacción modelo, donde la catálisis fue relevante en el proceso. En definitiva, la tesis procuró alcanzar en términos de objetivo general, definiciones concretas sobre “propiedad de un solvente” desde las perspectivas y potencialidades de su empleo, incorporando a la discusión la comparación de las propiedades de los solventes moleculares y aquellas de los Líquidos iónicos, lo cual debería contribuir a una mejor selección del solvente, incluyendo la preservación del medio ambiente. | Universidad Nacional del Litoral

Fil: Vecchietti, María Julia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. | Se estudió la reacción de desplazamiento de gas de agua (WGS) sobre un conjunto de catalizadores de Au(2% p/p) y de Pt(1% p/p) soportados sobre óxido de cerio, galio y óxidos mixtos de cerio-galio (CeGaOx). La evaluación del comportamiento redox de los soportes mostró que el dopaje con Ga incrementa notoriamente la reducibilidad con respecto a la ceria pura, propiedad que se mantine con el agregado del metal noble. El empleo de microscopía electrónica mostró que tanto los catalizadores de Au como de Pt presentan dispersiones elevadas, superiores al 60 y 90 %, respectivamente. Los catalizadores basados en Au fueron notablemente más activos para la reacción de WGS que los de Pt a temperaturas menores a 573K y, en ambos casos, se observó una disminución de la actividad catalítica al incorporar Ga al soporte. Estudios isotérmicos de oxidación con agua a 523 K sobre los catalizadores de Au y Pt previamente reducidos, empleando espectroscopia infrarroja por reflectancia difusa (DRIFT), espectrometría de masa y difracción de rayos X resuelta en el tiempo, sugieren que la reoxidación de los soportes por parte del agua no es la etapa limitante de la reacción de WGS. En base a una serie de estudios in situ y operando empleando espectroscopia infrarroja en modo transmitancia y DRIFT se postuló un mecanismo de reacción unificado del tipo asociativo donde las especies formiato monodentado son los intermediaros claves, y se sugiere que la deshidrogenación de estas especies es la etapa determinante de la velocidad de reacción. Dicho mecanismo ha permitido explicar las diferencias encontradas entre la actividad catalítica de los catalizadores de Au y Pt, y los de ceria y CeGaOx. | The water gas shift reaction (WGS) was studied over a set of Au (2% w/w) and Pt (1% w/w) catalysts supported over cerium, gallium and cerium- gallium mixed oxides (CeGaOx). The evaluation of the redox behavior of the supports showed that doping with Ga increases notoriously the reducibility with respect to pure ceria, property that is maintained with the addition of the noble metal. Electron microscopy showed that both Au and Pt catalysts present high metal dispersions, above 60 and 90%, respectively. Au-based catalysts were significantly more active than Pt catalyst for the WGS reaction at temperatures below 573K and, in both cases, a decrease in the catalytic activity was observed with the incorporation of Ga to the support. Isothermal oxidation studies by water at 523 K on Au and Pt catalysts previously reduced, by means of diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT), mass spectrometry and time resolved X-ray diffraction suggest that reoxidation of the supports by water is not the rate-limiting step in the WGS reaction. Based on a series of in situ and operando studies using infrared spectroscopy in transmittance and DRIFT mode, a unified associative reaction mechanism was postulated, where monodentate formate species are the key intermediaries, and it is suggested that the dehydrogenation of these species is the rate determining step of the reaction. This mechanism has allowed to explain the differences found between the catalytic activity of Au and Pt catalysts, and between ceria and CeGaOx. | Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas | Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica | Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva | Ministerio de Asuntos Extranjeros | Ministerio de Educación Nacional e Investigación | Unión Europea | Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica | Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo

Across the country is being widely spread the use of energy  renewable, one of the clearest examples of this is to obtain energy by the sun's rays, as well as the latest advances in wind turbine deployment in the South and Northeast. Thus, in order to encourage high school students to engage in the study of science and research development intertwined with energy efficiency. The Laboratório de Engenhocas (hereafter, translated: Gadget Lab) extension program of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA/CAMTUC), approved projects CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) in order to insert into in state high schools of the municipality the methodology PBL (Project Based Learning) in order teach the students to learn, be proactive and spark interest in the field of applied sciences. Thus, students sought to develop activities that contribute to minimize the problems of society, thus, was the built and implemented a Low Cost Solar Heater in a single family residence Tucuruí where it was possible to analyze its feasibility and efficiency. | Em todo o país está sendo amplamente difundida a utilização de fontes de energia renováveis, um dos exemplos claros disso é a energia solar, o que exige conhecimentos das mais variadas áreas da ciência para o aperfeiçoamento dessa nova área de pesquisa. Dessa forma, com o intuito de incentivar aos alunos do ensino médio em se empenhar no estudo das ciências e no desenvolvimento de pesquisas, o Programa de Extensão Laboratório de Engenhocas, da Universidade Federal do Pará Campus de Tucuruí, aprovou projetos no CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) e aplicou em escolas estaduais de ensino médio do município a metodologia PBL (<em>Project Based Learning</em>), visando ensinar o aluno a aprender, ser proativo e despertar o interesse na área das ciências aplicadas. Dentro das atividades desenvolvidas o aluno busca resolver problemas da sociedade através da metodologia. Uma delas foi à construção e implantação de um Aquecedor Solar de Baixo Custo em uma residência unifamiliar de Tucuruí onde foi possível analisar sua viabilidade e eficiência energética.<br />