One of the most prevalent zoonotic illnesses in the world, toxoplasmosis, affects both humans and animals and is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The infection will trigger the immune system to increase antibody production. This study aims to determine the dose of toxoplasma that causes necrosis in rats placental and fetal hearts. This study was laboratory experimental research with a Randomized Control Trial (RCT). The study design used a post-test only with a control group design. The Ig G variable obtained from the control group (CG) and treatment group 3 (TG3) is the most significant because the mean value difference was the largest (176.56). The Ig M variable obtained from the control group with treatment group 3 (TG3) is the most significant because the mean value difference is the largest (33.47). The fetus weight variable obtained from the control group with treatment group 3 (TG3) is the most significant because the mean value difference is the largest (2.6). The body length variable obtained from the control group between treatment group 3 (TG3) is the most significant because the mean value difference is the largest (1.26). There was a significant difference in placental tissue necrosis (p = 0.034) and heart (p = 0.025) between the control group (CG) and treatment group 3 (TG3). Therefore, there was a significant difference in Ig G, Ig M, fetus weight, body length, placental tissue necrosis, and fetal heart at the 10³ dose compared to the 102, 101, and normal doses.

In vitro medium-term storage using the alginate-encapsulation technique is essential for conserving plant genetic resources, preserving vegetatively propagated species by controlling the growth and development of explants, and maintaining plant biodiversity. The study aimed to obtain the optimum combination medium for the encapsulation of bananas and evaluate the viability of the alginate-encapsulated explants after storage. In vitro, medium- term storage of nodule-like meristem of banana cultivar ‘Barangan’ was performed using sodium alginate, paclobutrazol (PBZ), and Murashige and Skoog (MS) salt. This research consists of 3 stages: (1) Initiation and multiplication of in vitro shoots and nodule-like meristems; (2) In vitro medium-term storage of banana by encapsulation technique; (3) Regeneration of nodule-like meristem explants after in vitro storage. This research showed that the banana's number of nodule-like meristem was optimum on media supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ) 0.22 mgL-1 and indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) 1.75 mgL-1. Encapsulation explant of nodules-like meristems using 3% sodium alginate in full and half-strength MS salt medium supplemented with PBZ 2.5 mgL-1 and incubated in liquid MS medium was able to store nodule-like meristem for six months. The color of the explants remains green, and the capsule is not damaged. Sub-culture of nodule-like meristem after storage in MS salt medium containing TDZ 0.22 mgL-1 and IAA 1.75 mgL-1 showed that nodules-like meristems could regenerate to form new shoots and nodule-like meristem three months after sub-cultured. This research concludes that encapsulated nodule-like meristem was recorded until six months of storage. PBZ was a necessary retardant in minimizing the growth during storage.

Mulberries are vital for the silk industry as the sole natural food for silkworms, but their quality and quantity can be greatly impacted by environmental factors, notably water shortages or droughts. In this study, the proline content and expression levels of the Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) gene in four recommended Thai mulberry varieties (Sakhonnakorn, Sakhonnakorn 85, Burirum 60, and Srisaket 84) and one standard drought tolerant variety (SRCM9809-34) were measured under drought stress. Additionally, physiological data and antioxidative enzymatic activities were also examined. The findings revealed that SRCM9809-34, a drought-tolerant variety, had the lowest proline content, followed by Sakhonnakorn 85, Burirum 60, while the highest proline content was observed in Srisaket 84. Although there was no correlation between the expression level of the P5CR gene and proline content, the overall trend in all varieties was the same: proline content increased after drought conditions. Regarding physiological responses, the wilting score showed similar results to proline content, with SRCM9809-34 having the lowest proline content and wilting score. Moreover, SRCM9809-34 exhibited the highest RWC, Pn and WUE values, as well as the lowest level of MDA and H2O2. Our results validated and indicated that SRCM9809-34 is a drought-tolerant variety. From this finding, among the four Thai mulberry varieties, Sakhonnakorn 85 exhibited the highest potential for drought tolerance, and this potential can be enhanced through crossbreeding with SRCM9809-34.

Mauritius raspberry (Rubus rosifolius) is an exotic plant cultivated in Indonesia. Studies showed that the productivity of exotic plants is reducing due to a lack of pollination agent for their origin region. Several methods could be applied to overcome this problem. The study aimed to find the most effective method for pollinating this plant among four pollination regimes: Self-pollination, wild insects, stingless bees (Tetragonula laeviceps), and hand-pollination. The observation was conducted on the insect pollinators' activities (visitation rate, flower constancy, and flower handling time), pollination efficiency, and quality of the fruits produced (fruit volume). The results showed a higher visitation rate (10 to 70 per hour), higher flower constancy (visited from 07.00 to 16.00), and longer flower handling time (13.6 s) of T. laeviceps on raspberry flowers than other insects. High activities related to better raspberry pollination success (96%) and bigger fruits produced. Based on this study, applying stingless bees as pollination agents for exotic plants was the best and potentially applicable to other exotic crops.

The Mangrove ecosystem is an ecosystem that is around the edge of the coast and many organisms live in this ecosystem, one of them is crabs. The crabs that are often found are deposit crabs from the Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae families that act as balancers in the mangrove ecosystem. This study aimed to analyze species, diversity, evenness, and dominance in the mangrove vegetation area of Koto XI Tarusan District, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The method used is the descriptive method. The biodiversity of brachyuran crabs’ families, Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae, was analyzed with the Shannon-Wiener index (H’). Four indices were calculated for crabs Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae: species identification, Shannon-wiener (H’) diversity, evenness, and dominance indices. The results showed that there were six species of deposited crabs from the Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae families, namely Uca bellator, U. rosea, Perisesarma eumolpe, P. plicatum, Sarmatium germaimi, and Sesarma curoense. The most abundant species (Di) came from the family Sesarmidae. However, for all stations, diversity (H') has a value that is in the medium category, and evenness (E) is in the high category at each station. The dominance (D) obtained a value categorized as low at each observation station. The condition of environmental parameters in the mangrove vegetation area is included in the category of a good environment. It is still within normal limits for the crabs of the Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae families to live. Two substrate types are found in each observation path: muddy and sandy mud.

Gingival carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm affecting the oral mucosa and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum water extracts have gotten a lot of attention because of their bioactive components, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which have a variety of pharmacological activities, including antiproliferative actions. This study aimed to evaluate the histological and molecular effects of Allium ampeloprasum (leek) water extract on the proliferation of the murine gingival cancer cell line. Histological evaluation was conducted to examine morphological changes induced by extract treatment. Molecular mechanisms underlying the observed histological changes were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Expression levels of key genes associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed. Histological findings revealed a dose-dependent decrease (100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/ml) in cell density and altered cell shape in the treated cell line. Also, the percentage of inhibition for the oral mucosa cell line was high, with a significant P of 0.006, in the treated group compared to the control group. Additionally, water extract has an IC50 value of 61 g/ml. The P53 fold increment of gene expression is 0.6, which means the expression level in the experimental condition is 60% higher than the control. This study provides evidence for the potential antiproliferative activity of Allium ampeloprasum water extract on the oral mucosa cell line. The observed histological changes, coupled with the modulation of key genes involved in proliferation and apoptosis, suggest that leek water extract may have therapeutic implications in managing oral cancer.

The aim of this experiment is to evaluate the impact of chitosan-NPK slow-release fertilizer (CS-NPK SRF) on the germination and growth of silk tree and rice in different planting patterns, as well as to assess the nutrient release rate of the SRF. The germination test followed a complete randomized design, incorporating a single factor (fertilizer type), namely no fertilizer (F0), SRF CS 0.5% weight 0.03 g (F1), SRF CS 0.5% 0.01 g (F2), SRF CS 0.7% 0.03 g (F3), SRF CS 0.7% 0.01 g (F4), and conventional NPK fertilizer (F5). The growth test utilized a 2-factor split-plot design, with the primary factor being the planting pattern (sengon/rice monoculture-SM/RM and sengon-rice agroforestry-AF) and the second factor being the fertilizer type. Results indicate that F2 and F4 yielded the highest germination and growth values in both plants, although not significantly different from F0. These findings suggest that CS-NPK SRF has the potential to enhance plant growth. The AF pattern exhibited lower growth compared to SM/RM, attributed to plant competition. CS-NPK SRF demonstrated a slower nutrient release (47.65% N; 85.01% P; 31.80% K) compared to conventional fertilizers. This slow release could potentially reduce nutrient loss to the environment while enhancing plant nutrient absorption.

Mangrove clam is the most sought-after bivalve in the Philippines due to its taste, size, and nutrition. Due to its economic importance, this paper aims to determine the population dynamics of mangrove clam P. philippiana harvested in gleaning sites in the Davao region using the FAO ICLARM Stock Assessment Tool (FISAT II). A total of 2493 clams collected from December 2018-December 2020 with sizes ranging from 14-84 mm SL and 2.2-178.6 g were classified according to size classes with 5 mm intervals. The length-weight relationship was computed and showed negative allometry (a = 0.002, b = 2.6205, R2 = 0.89). The estimated growth parameters using ELEFAN I was L∞ = 98.64 mm, K = 1.33 year-1, t0 = -1.07. Length converted catch curve routine estimated Z = 10.27year-1, M = 1.52 year-1, F = 8.75 year-1, E = 0.85, and backward extrapolation generated Lc50 = 34.83 mm SL which is below Lm = 65.76 mm SL. Recruitment patterns were highest during July and August 2020, and VPA showed a high F at 60 mm SL. Beverton and Holt Y/R analysis showed E0.5 = 0.328 and Emax = 0.551, yield isopleths derived from plotted Lc50/L∞ = 0.353 and E = 0.85 values were within quadrant D. The result revealed that Lm>Lc50 implies that mangrove clams gleaned in the area were small and immature. Moreover, F>Fopt and E>Emax and E>E0.5 suggest that mangrove clam fishery in the region was heavily exploited. The study concluded that the mangrove clam Pegophysema philippiana was overexploited and that a management strategy was needed in the Davao Region, Philippines.

The Kerinci duck (Anas platyrhynchos), hailing from Jambi Province, represents one of the local duck breeds of Indonesia. This study aimed to ascertain the matrilineal origin of Kerinci ducks through analysis of the mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase subunit 2 (MT-ND2) gene. In this pursuit, forward sequences of the MT-ND2 gene (490 bp) were extracted from unsexed Kerinci ducks, totalling forty-eight (48) sequences, procured from blood samples. The findings demonstrated the identification of fifteen (15) distinct haplotypes within the MT-ND2 gene, with corresponding haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (pi) values of 0.74 and 0.003, respectively. The resulting phylogenetic tree unveiled that Kerinci ducks exhibit two matrilineal origins: an Asian and an independent Kerinci lineage. Moreover, most Kerinci ducks were categorised within the H4 group (24 birds) of the Asian lineage. Nevertheless, this study also revealed the existence of an independent Kerinci lineage comprising eight (8) duck haplotypes. In conclusion, the analysis of the MT-ND2 gene underscored the genetic introgression of A. zonorhyncha and A. poecilorhyncha in Kerinci ducks.

Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponinae) are distributed in the tropics, and there are more than 600 species worldwide, Forty-six species were recorded in Indonesia. Nest of the species is generally found in tree holes, rocks, house walls, house wooden, bamboo cavities, and soil. Current research explores the species richness, nesting sites and morphometry of stingless bee species in the forest and settlement areas in Banten province, Indonesia. Road- and purposive sampling methods were used to explore the stingless bee species. Thirty-five body characters of each stingless bee species were measured. Results showed four stingless bee species found were Tetragonula laeviceps, Heterotrigona itama, Lepidotrogona terminata, and Tetragonula sp. The dominant species found was L. terminata in the forest, while T. laeviceps in the settlement areas. The nesting sites of stingless bees in the forests were found in the tree cavities of various plant species with tree diameter range 39.3-87.3 cm. In contrast, the nest of T. laeviceps was found in the tree of Swietenia mahagoni, Lansium parasiticum, and bamboo cavities of houses in the settlement areas. The nest entrances of stingless bees varied, i.e., oval-rounded, tubular with varied diameters, and blackish-brown in color. The internal structure of the nest consists of brood cells, pollen cells, and honey cells. Heterotrigona itama has the largest body size (5.52 mm in length), followed by L. terminata (4.99 mm in length) and T. laeviceps (3.86 mm in length). Thirty-three characters of H. itama were larger than L. terminata and T. laeviceps, except for gena width and malar length.