LCA case studies applied to waste management options of organic products face several LCA methodological choices and among them, the multifunctionality question. Indeed, studies dealing with waste management aim to assess the environmental impacts of different organic waste treatments that enhance the organic waste fertilizing and amending properties. This is expressed in LCA studies by a primary function (to treat the waste) and secondary functions (to fertilize or provide an organic amendment to agricultural soils).The induced multifunctionality is often treated by system expansion by subtracting the secondary functions, leading to potentially avoided impacts. When dealing with residual organic fertilizing materials, scientific papers are used to substitute the function “fertilizing with organic wastes” by an alternative function “fertilizing with mineral fertilizers”. Occasionally, the function “amending with organic wastes” can be substituted by an alternative function “amending with peat”. This paper aims to present the results of a literature review dealing with methodological choices and quantitative rates to substitute residual organic fertilizing materials (digestates, composts issued from various substrate origins: sludge, crop residues, manure…) with mineral fertilizers. Based on a corpus of 132 peer-reviewed papers dealing with LCA case studies of residual organic fertilizing materials including land spreading, a set of 41 papers detailing system expansion by subtraction (substitution) was selected among this corpus. Those selected papers were used to state how the authors solve the above-mentioned multifunctionality problem and to highlight the quantitative rates to substitute residual organic fertilizing materials with mineral fertilizers. The literature review highlights nine different forms to consider substitution. In most of these papers, substitution is based on the fertilizing potential1 of the residual organic fertilizing material and/or on its utilization rate based on the nutrient availability2 (referred later on as substitution coefficient). Regarding P and K, the substitution coefficients are often close and most of the papers consider a 100% substitution coefficient whatever the organic waste. The substitution coefficient for N ranges 20 to 30% for compost and 40 to 90% for digestate. These range differences depend on the substrate origin, the type of treatment and its performances. When considering the alternative function (i.e. to fertilize with mineral fertilizers), most of reviewed papers only take into account the mineral fertilizer production but do not consider their transport, spreading operation and spreading emissions. The main mineral fertilizers substituted are ammonium nitrate for N, superphosphate or triple superphosphate for P and potassium chloride for K. Whereas the 41 case studies of the review have different system boundaries, functional units and hypothesis, the impact on the results of the substituted mineral fertilizers can be barely compared between the studies. The impact of substitution is not significant in most of the case studies; however some authors highlight a significant contribution of the substituted mineral fertilizers. This is pointed out regarding mainly climate change, acidification and eutrophication, and generally these impacts are respectively caused by the N2O, NH3, nitrate and phosphate emissions of the potentially avoided spread mineral fertilizers. Therefore, the way system expansion is led has a decisive influence on results. Impacts on smog, particulate matter formation, toxicity, ecotoxicity, resources, ozone layer depletion and primary energy barely emerged. The review led to an overview of the LCA habits when considering substitution of residual organic fertilizing materials used as agricultural fertilizers. It pointed out the need to superimpose the boundaries of the substituted activities. The way authors deal with the N, P and K content of digestates has been examined, leading to an overview of substitution practices. It has also been demonstrated that the most often substituted mineral fertilizers reflect the most often sold mineral fertilizers. Thus, conclusions of the literature review led to recommendations for practitioners using LCA in the organic waste management field.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]TED [TR2_IRSTEA]INSPIRE | International audience | LCA case studies applied to waste management options of organic products face several inventory completeness issues and among them, the spreading operation emissions. Indeed, organic products contain nutrient elements which turn into air, water and soil emissions after their spreading. LCA practitioners need to consider these quantitative data in order to carry out relevant assessments. Emission data obtained from experimental measurements, as they are specific to each residual organic fertilizing material and each pedoclimatic condition, cannot be used as generic data. Moreover, when the LCA case study is processed based on the primary function “to treat the waste”, the secondary function “to fertilize with organic fertilizers” can be solved by system expansion by subtracting the secondary functions. Thus, mineral fertilizers, also having spreading emissions, are often subtracted. This paper aims to present results of a literature review dealing with emission data at the spreading operation, both for residual organic fertilizing materials and mineral fertilizers. A set of 30 papers detailing emission data of organic wastes and mineral fertilizers during the spreading operation was selected from a corpus of 132 peer-reviewed papers (1) dealing with LCA case studies of residual organic fertilizing materials including land spreading. The selected papers were used to state how the N, P and trace metal element emissions at spreading operation were inventoried, as well as the consideration of C emission and sequestration. Emissions are heterogeneously considered in the case studies. N2O, NH3 and NO3- are usually quantified whereas NOx, N2 and PO43- are often left out of the system. Based on the literature review, it has not been possible to suggest emission values for each type of residual organic fertilizing material. Main conclusions are: •N2O : their value ranges are quite consensual (0,17%-2% for direct emissions, 1% of N emitted as NH3 and NOx and 0,75-2% of N emitted as NO3- for indirect emissions (2) ). •As NH3 emissions are very variable, a pedoclimatic model should be used. There is a high variability on nitrate models, which should be better investigated. •NO3- emissions into water have a great variability, either on the emission rate value or on the different forms N is expressed (leakages or run-off of total N, N-NH4…). •NOx are expressed as a % of direct and/or indirect N2O emission produced during denitrification. •N2 is rarely considered, whereas it should be in order to equilibrate the N mass balance and check that no N is artificially created or lost. •PO43- leakages are in a range value of 1,7% to 10% of P. •For climate change, biogenic carbon is hardly ever considered. Trace metal concentration is barely considered and constitutes a subject to explore especially concerning toxicity and ecotoxicity impacts. The spreading emissions of mineral fertilizers are not often considered. Emission rates are issued from the same sources as for organic products, and their values are very close. The influence of the spreading emissions of the organic products and the substituted mineral fertilizers on the LCA results has been noticed several times. Over all, the impact of the spreading operation has been pointed out because of the NH3 contribution to acidification and the NH3 and nitrate contributions to eutrophication. The impact of the spreading operation on climate change due to N2O emissions, on eutrophication due to phosphate emissions, on particulate matter formation due to NOx emissions has also been detected. Those results tempt to pay particular attention to the inventory emissions. The review led to an overview of the emission inventory data for residual organic fertilizing materials and mineral fertilizers at the spreading operation. A value range has been proposed for each P-based and N-based emission and when it was not possible, variability has been highlighted. The infrequent consideration of carbon fate and trace metals in LCA case studies has been pointed out. The impact of the inventory emissions on results has been assessed to be weighty and leads to recommendations for LCA practitioners in waste management. (1) The corpus was constituted using queries with the keyword groups: digestate, mineral fertilizer, LCA, substitution, allocation (2) Direct N2O emissions are emitted during the nitrification and denitrification processes during the nitrogen cycle. Indirect N2O emissions are emitted from NH3, NOx and NO3- emissions.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]INSPIRE [TR2_IRSTEA]TED | International audience | LCA case studies applied to waste management options of organic products face several LCA methodological choices and among them, the multifunctionality question. Indeed, studies dealing with waste management aim to assess the environmental impacts of different organic waste treatments that enhance the organic waste fertilizing and amending properties. This is expressed in LCA studies by a primary function (to treat the waste) and secondary functions (to fertilize or provide an organic amendment to agricultural soils).The induced multifunctionality is often treated by system expansion by subtracting the secondary functions, leading to potentially avoided impacts. When dealing with residual organic fertilizing materials, scientific papers are used to substitute the function “fertilizing with organic wastes” by an alternative function “fertilizing with mineral fertilizers”. Occasionally, the function “amending with organic wastes” can be substituted by an alternative function “amending with peat”. This paper aims to present the results of a literature review dealing with methodological choices and quantitative rates to substitute residual organic fertilizing materials (digestates, composts issued from various substrate origins: sludge, crop residues, manure…) with mineral fertilizers. Based on a corpus of 132 peer-reviewed papers dealing with LCA case studies of residual organic fertilizing materials including land spreading, a set of 41 papers detailing system expansion by subtraction (substitution) was selected among this corpus. Those selected papers were used to state how the authors solve the above-mentioned multifunctionality problem and to highlight the quantitative rates to substitute residual organic fertilizing materials with mineral fertilizers. The literature review highlights nine different forms to consider substitution. In most of these papers, substitution is based on the fertilizing potential1 of the residual organic fertilizing material and/or on its utilization rate based on the nutrient availability2 (referred later on as substitution coefficient). Regarding P and K, the substitution coefficients are often close and most of the papers consider a 100% substitution coefficient whatever the organic waste. The substitution coefficient for N ranges 20 to 30% for compost and 40 to 90% for digestate. These range differences depend on the substrate origin, the type of treatment and its performances. When considering the alternative function (i.e. to fertilize with mineral fertilizers), most of reviewed papers only take into account the mineral fertilizer production but do not consider their transport, spreading operation and spreading emissions. The main mineral fertilizers substituted are ammonium nitrate for N, superphosphate or triple superphosphate for P and potassium chloride for K. Whereas the 41 case studies of the review have different system boundaries, functional units and hypothesis, the impact on the results of the substituted mineral fertilizers can be barely compared between the studies. The impact of substitution is not significant in most of the case studies; however some authors highlight a significant contribution of the substituted mineral fertilizers. This is pointed out regarding mainly climate change, acidification and eutrophication, and generally these impacts are respectively caused by the N2O, NH3, nitrate and phosphate emissions of the potentially avoided spread mineral fertilizers. Therefore, the way system expansion is led has a decisive influence on results. Impacts on smog, particulate matter formation, toxicity, ecotoxicity, resources, ozone layer depletion and primary energy barely emerged. The review led to an overview of the LCA habits when considering substitution of residual organic fertilizing materials used as agricultural fertilizers. It pointed out the need to superimpose the boundaries of the substituted activities. The way authors deal with the N, P and K content of digestates has been examined, leading to an overview of substitution practices. It has also been demonstrated that the most often substituted mineral fertilizers reflect the most often sold mineral fertilizers. Thus, conclusions of the literature review led to recommendations for practitioners using LCA in the organic waste management field.

With the booming economy and increasing population, the accumulation of waste has become an increasingly arduous issue and has aroused the attention from all sectors of society. Hong Kong which has a relative high daily per capita domestic waste generation rate in Asia has not yet established a comprehensive waste management system. This paper conducts a review of waste management approaches and models. Researchers highlight that mathematical models provide useful information for decision-makers to select appropriate choices and save cost. It is suggested to consider municipal solid waste management in a holistic view and improve the utilization of waste management infrastructures. A mathematical model which adopts integer linear programming and mixed integer programming has been developed for Hong Kong municipal solid waste management. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to simulate different scenarios which provide decision-makers important information for establishing Hong Kong waste management system.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]TED [TR2_IRSTEA]INSPIRE | International audience | LCA case studies applied to waste management options of organic products face several inventory completeness issues and among them, the spreading operation emissions. Indeed, organic products contain nutrient elements which turn into air, water and soil emissions after their spreading. LCA practitioners need to consider these quantitative data in order to carry out relevant assessments. Emission data obtained from experimental measurements, as they are specific to each residual organic fertilizing material and each pedoclimatic condition, cannot be used as generic data. Moreover, when the LCA case study is processed based on the primary function “to treat the waste”, the secondary function “to fertilize with organic fertilizers” can be solved by system expansion by subtracting the secondary functions. Thus, mineral fertilizers, also having spreading emissions, are often subtracted. This paper aims to present results of a literature review dealing with emission data at the spreading operation, both for residual organic fertilizing materials and mineral fertilizers. A set of 30 papers detailing emission data of organic wastes and mineral fertilizers during the spreading operation was selected from a corpus of 132 peer-reviewed papers (1) dealing with LCA case studies of residual organic fertilizing materials including land spreading. The selected papers were used to state how the N, P and trace metal element emissions at spreading operation were inventoried, as well as the consideration of C emission and sequestration. Emissions are heterogeneously considered in the case studies. N2O, NH3 and NO3- are usually quantified whereas NOx, N2 and PO43- are often left out of the system. Based on the literature review, it has not been possible to suggest emission values for each type of residual organic fertilizing material. Main conclusions are: •N2O : their value ranges are quite consensual (0,17%-2% for direct emissions, 1% of N emitted as NH3 and NOx and 0,75-2% of N emitted as NO3- for indirect emissions (2) ). •As NH3 emissions are very variable, a pedoclimatic model should be used. There is a high variability on nitrate models, which should be better investigated. •NO3- emissions into water have a great variability, either on the emission rate value or on the different forms N is expressed (leakages or run-off of total N, N-NH4…). •NOx are expressed as a % of direct and/or indirect N2O emission produced during denitrification. •N2 is rarely considered, whereas it should be in order to equilibrate the N mass balance and check that no N is artificially created or lost. •PO43- leakages are in a range value of 1,7% to 10% of P. •For climate change, biogenic carbon is hardly ever considered. Trace metal concentration is barely considered and constitutes a subject to explore especially concerning toxicity and ecotoxicity impacts. The spreading emissions of mineral fertilizers are not often considered. Emission rates are issued from the same sources as for organic products, and their values are very close. The influence of the spreading emissions of the organic products and the substituted mineral fertilizers on the LCA results has been noticed several times. Over all, the impact of the spreading operation has been pointed out because of the NH3 contribution to acidification and the NH3 and nitrate contributions to eutrophication. The impact of the spreading operation on climate change due to N2O emissions, on eutrophication due to phosphate emissions, on particulate matter formation due to NOx emissions has also been detected. Those results tempt to pay particular attention to the inventory emissions. The review led to an overview of the emission inventory data for residual organic fertilizing materials and mineral fertilizers at the spreading operation. A value range has been proposed for each P-based and N-based emission and when it was not possible, variability has been highlighted. The infrequent consideration of carbon fate and trace metals in LCA case studies has been pointed out. The impact of the inventory emissions on results has been assessed to be weighty and leads to recommendations for LCA practitioners in waste management. (1) The corpus was constituted using queries with the keyword groups: digestate, mineral fertilizer, LCA, substitution, allocation (2) Direct N2O emissions are emitted during the nitrification and denitrification processes during the nitrogen cycle. Indirect N2O emissions are emitted from NH3, NOx and NO3- emissions.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]INSPIRE [TR2_IRSTEA]TED<br/>Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization, Cetraro, ITA, 05-/06/2016 - 10/06/2016 | International audience | LCA case studies applied to waste management options of organic products face several LCA methodological choices and among them, the multifunctionality question. Indeed, studies dealing with waste management aim to assess the environmental impacts of different organic waste treatments that enhance the organic waste fertilizing and amending properties. This is expressed in LCA studies by a primary function (to treat the waste) and secondary functions (to fertilize or provide an organic amendment to agricultural soils).The induced multifunctionality is often treated by system expansion by subtracting the secondary functions, leading to potentially avoided impacts. When dealing with residual organic fertilizing materials, scientific papers are used to substitute the function &amp;#8220;fertilizing with organic wastes&amp;#8221; by an alternative function &amp;#8220;fertilizing with mineral fertilizers&amp;#8221;. Occasionally, the function &amp;#8220;amending with organic wastes&amp;#8221; can be substituted by an alternative function &amp;#8220;amending with peat&amp;#8221;. This paper aims to present the results of a literature review dealing with methodological choices and quantitative rates to substitute residual organic fertilizing materials (digestates, composts issued from various substrate origins: Sludge, crop residues, manure...) with mineral fertilizers.Based on a corpus of 132 peer-reviewed papers dealing with LCA case studies of residual organic fertilizing materials including land spreading, a set of 41 papers detailing system expansion by subtraction (substitution) was selected among this corpus. Those selected papers were used to state how the authors solve the above-mentioned multifunctionality problem and to highlight the quantitative rates to substitute residual organic fertilizing materials with mineral fertilizers.The literature review highlights nine different forms to consider substitution. In most of these papers, substitution is based on the fertilizing potential1 of the residual organic fertilizing material and/or on its utilization rate based on the nutrient availability2 (referred later on as substitution coefficient). Regarding P and K, the substitution coefficients are often close and most of the papers consider a 100% substitution coefficient whatever the organic waste. The substitution coefficient for N ranges 20 to 30% for compost and 40 to 90% for digestate. These range differences depend on the substrate origin, the type of treatment and its performances. When considering the alternative function (i.e. to fertilize with mineral fertilizers), most of reviewed papers only take into account the mineral fertilizer production but do not consider their transport, spreading operation and spreading emissions. The main mineral fertilizers substituted are ammonium nitrate for N, superphosphate or triple superphosphate for P and potassium chloride for K.Whereas the 41 case studies of the review have different system boundaries, functional units and hypothesis, the impact on the results of the substituted mineral fertilizers can be barely compared between the studies. The impact of substitution is not significant in most of the case studies; however some authors highlight a significant contribution of the substituted mineral fertilizers. This is pointed out regarding mainly climate change, acidification and eutrophication, and generally these impacts are respectively caused by the N2O, NH3, nitrate and phosphate emissions of the potentially avoided spread mineral fertilizers. Therefore, the way system expansion is led has a decisive influence on results. Impacts on smog, particulate matter formation, toxicity, ecotoxicity, resources, ozone layer depletion and primary energy barely emerged.The review led to an overview of the LCA habits when considering substitution of residual organic fertilizing materials used as agricultural fertilizers. It pointed out the need to superimpose the boundaries of the substituted activities. The way authors deal with the N, P and K content of digestates has been examined, leading to an overview of substitution practices. It has also been demonstrated that the most often substituted mineral fertilizers reflect the most often sold mineral fertilizers. Thus, conclusions of the literature review led to recommendations for practitioners using LCA in the organic waste management field.

Rapid urbanization and industrialization, population growth and economic growth in developing countries make management of municipal solid waste more complex comparing with developed countries. Furthermore, the conventional municipal solid waste management approach often is reductionists, not tailored to handle complexity. Therefore, the need to a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary approach regarding the municipal solid waste management problems is increasing. The concept of integrated solid waste management is accepted for this aim all over the world. This paper analyzes the current situation as well as opportunities and challenges regarding municipal solid waste management in Isfahan according to the integrated solid waste management framework in six aspects: environmental, political/legal, institutional, socio-cultural, financial/economic, technical and performance aspects. Based on the results obtained in this analysis, the main suggestions for future integrated solid waste management of Isfahan are as i) promoting financial sustainability by taking the solid waste fee and reducing the expenses through the promoting source collection of recyclable materials, ii) improving compost quality and also marketing the compost products simultaneously, iii) promoting the private sector involvements throughout the municipal solid waste management system.

Waste management is a successful instrument to minimize generated waste and improve environmental conditions. In spite of the large share of developing countries in the textile industry, limited information is available concerning the waste management strategies implemented for textiles on those countries and their environmental impacts. In the current study, two waste management approaches for hazardous solid waste treatment of acrylic fibers (landfill and incineration) were investigated. The main research questions were: What are the different impacts of each waste management strategy? Which waste management strategy is more ecofriendly? Life cycle assessment was employed in order to model the environmental impacts of each waste streaming approach separately then compare them together. Results revealed that incineration was the more ecofriendly approach. Highest impacts of both approaches were on ecotoxicity and carcinogenic potentials due to release of metals from pigment wastes. Landfill had an impact of 46.8 % on human health as compared to 28 % by incineration. Incineration impact on ecosystem quality was higher than landfill impact (68.4 and 51.3 %, respectively). As for resources category, incineration had a higher impact than landfill (3.5 and 2.0 %, respectively). Those impacts could be mitigated if state-of-the-art landfill or incinerator were used and could be reduced by applying waste to energy approaches for both management systems In conclusion, shifting waste treatment from landfill to incineration would decrease the overall environmental impacts and allow energy recovery. The potential of waste to energy approach by incineration with heat recovery could be considered in further studies. Future research is needed in order to assess the implementation of waste management systems and the preferable waste management strategies in the textile industry on developing countries.

This descriptive observational research aims to describe the facilities and personnel to conduct waste management in Baturraden Tourism in Banyumas District. The results are: 52.3% of the waste management is in the category of poor, the waste management facilities is quite good (68.3%), the leader’s support is good (83.3%), and the behavior of the dustmen in the waste management is also good (83.3%). In conclusion, the waste management in Baturraden Tourism in Banyumas District has not been implemented optimally yet. There are still some facilities that are broken. The behavior of the support workers and leaders is good, but it is only intended to secure/ collect the rubbish from the rubbish dump. We suggest the leadership in Baturraden to proposed finance plan for the improvement in the supply of facilities such as temporary trash container and to increase the frequency of the transport schedule of the waste. It is also suggested to grant some awards to the selected officers for their good behavior in waste management in order to survive well. The management also need to facilitate more trainings for the workers in waste management. a

A properly managed effective waste management programme increases the health and environmental quality of the country .This survey examines the status of Solid Waste Management household level in a peri-urban area (Kottawa in Colombo) in relation to the willingness of the people for the participation of an upgraded programme and the level of awareness of the people about the environmental and health hazards associated with disorganized management of solid waste. A pretested and self-administered questionnaire was used for primary data collection covering 50 households which were selected randomly. Data were analysed according to the descriptive statistics. The common waste types include food, paper, plastic, metal, glass and batteries. The rate of waste generation from more than 70% of the households exceeds 2kg per day. 94% of the total waste collection was from the kitchen. Nearly 50% uses waste pits in their home gardens. Other methods of kitchen waste disposal were garbage truck collection (44%), burning (44%), composting (16%) and incineration (10%).66% of the households practice burning to dispose papers and cardboard. Disposal of non biodegradable waste such as glass, plastic, batteries and metal were done through a separate garbage truck. Waste separation at household level was practiced by 52% while 42% do not practice it. Compost bins were popular among 30% of the households. However, compost bins were unknown to 6%. Active participation for home composting was observed among 26%. Awareness about the environmental hazards caused by improper waste management was 100%. Only 2% of the respondents did not have much concern about the health impact of improper waste management. 54% of the household was unsatisfied with the prevailing waste management practices and 70% of them expect more involvement by the government to correct the problem. The results also showed that 26% of the households were not aware of waste recycling, reuse & reduction. However, 96% of the respondents agreed to co-operate & to participate for a proper waste management programme. Suggestions produced by the respondents to implement an effective waste management programme include composting (34%), efficient waste separation (14%), establishment of government owned waste collecting canters (28%), and provision of standard waste bins for household use under a subsidized programme and standard garbage trucks with a unique honking facility 12%.