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[An analytical study of agricultural income in Egypt]
2003
Gad, A.D. | Badawi, S.E. (Minia Univ. (Egypt). Faculty of Agriculture)
Planning and conducting research projects in an agricultural university
2003
Dupare, B.U., National Centre for Soyabean, Indore (India | Sinha, B.P., Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (India). Div. of Agri. Extn.)
The study was carried out on the scientists of a State Agricultural University in Maharashtra. With the objective to ascertain the process of planning and conducting research projects. 80 per cent of the Professors and about 53 percent of Associate Professors belonged to "Self' category of research issue identification whereas, only 20 per cent of Professors, 47 per cent of Associate Professors and 100 per cent of Assistant Professors were in the "external" category, who did not identify research issue themselves. Educational levels of the scientists, who were project leaders was significantly higher than those who were project associates (t = 2.04, P = 0.05). The mean motivational scores obtained by the scientists are extremely low. Out of the total obtainable motivational score of 9, the obtained personal achievement motivational score ranged between 2.75 to 3.28, social achievement motivational score of scientists was between 1.25 to 2.8 and influence motivational score ranged from 3.08 to 5.38. The two groups of research project leaders did not differ significantly. Out on dimensions of self-empowerment, there appears to be significant difference among themselves in respect of "Autonomy vs. Dependence". Those, whose occupational responsibility relates to research, had a greater tendency to take initiative in planning and cartying out research projects. The mean personal achievement score of the scientists with high research efficacy was substantially higher than the help seekers, and the complaint groups of researchers though a difference could not attain statistical level of significance, due to smallness of sample
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]An Essay on Cooperative Bargaining in U.S. Agricultural Markets Texte intégral
2003
Hueth, Brent | Marcoul, Philippe
We study the incidence and economic rationale for cooperative bargaining in U.S. agricultural markets. Bargaining is not just about increasing price paid to farmers; indeed, there is no empirical research indicating that cooperative bargaining has any direct influence on price. Nevertheless, the price negotiation process may be useful in itself as a form of price discovery in markets where there is uncertainty about market supply and demand conditions, and bargaining associations can play an important role in ensuring contract reliability. These and other benefits must be weighed against the organizational and on-going operational costs of a formal bargaining association when considering whether bargaining is appropriate for a given market environment. Even when the aggregate net benefits associated with bargaining are positive, the distribution of benefits across the various market participants may have an important influence on the political feasibility of bargaining.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-][An analytical study of agricultural income in Egypt]. [Arabic]
2003
Gad A.D. | Badawi S.E.
On diversity effects of alternative agricultural policy reforms in Finland: An agricultural sector modelling approach Texte intégral
2003
Miettinen, Antti | Hietala-Koivu, Reija | Lehtonen, Heikki
The aim of this study is to predict diversity effects of agricultural policy reforms in which direct aid payments are disconnected from production, and compare the outcomes with effects of such a policy in which CAP support is coupled. The study employs the dynamic regional sector model of Finnish agriculture. The sector model predicts regional land use, stocking densities, pesticide application areas, and nutrient balances.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]On diversity effects of alternative agricultural policy reforms in Finland : an agricultural sector modelling approach Texte intégral
2003
Miettinen, Antti | Hietala-Koivu, Reija | Lehtonen, Heikki | TAL Talous- ja yhteiskuntatieteellinen tutkimus (TAY/4110)
In search of an adequate interpretation of Indian agricultural history
2003
Jackson,M.G. Uttarakhand Environmental EducationCentre, JakhanDevi,Mall Road, Almora (India))
Historical interpretation is a subjective undertaking.Each interpreter presupposes a particular theory of history, even when heorshe doesnot articulateitclearly.Asurvey of the literature on Indian agricultural history reveals that investigators interpret the available data in a variety of mutually contradictory ways. This paper describes the various theories implied by these interpretations and explorestheir implications. Each of them is examinedfor its usefulness in helping usto understand ancient agricultural systems. The predominant theory in use at present derives from the materialist worldview of mainstream global culture. This theory views the course of history in terms of progress from primitive beginnings to the advanced concepts and techniques of today. Other theories now appearing reject this assumption.One of them insistson understanding ancient knowledge systems in their own terms, while another emphasizes the need to reconnect creatively with our past, but neither of them is sufficient in the ecological or post-modern worldview. This theory it is urgued, makes possible an interpretation ofIndian agricultural history truly adequate to ourtask of learning from the past to meet successfully the challenge of making agriculture sustainable in the future.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Managing Material Transfer and Nutrient Flow in an Agricultural Watershed Texte intégral
2003
Nord, E. A. | Lanyon, L. E.
Place-based resource management, such as watershed or ecosystem management, is being promoted to replace the media-focused approach for achieving water quality protection. We monitored the agricultural area of a 740-ha watershed to determine the nature and scale of farm material transfers, N and P balances, and farmer decisions that influenced them. Using field data and farmer interviews we found that 3 of 15 farms, emphasizing hog, dairy, or cash crops with poultry production, accounted for more than 80% of the inputs and outputs of N and P for the 362-ha agricultural area (332 ha of managed cropland and animal facilities). Feed for hogs (38% each of total N and P) and manure applied to fields as part of the cash crop and poultry operation (28 and 38% of total N and P, respectively) were the dominant inputs. No crops grown in the watershed were fed to animals in the watershed and more manure nutrients were applied from animals outside than from those in the watershed. A strategic decision by the hog farmer to begin marketing finished hogs changed the material transfers and nutrient balances more than tactical decisions by other farmers in allocating manure to cropland. Since the components of agricultural production were not all interconnected, the fundamental assumption of place-based management programs is not well-suited to this situation. Alternative approaches to managing the effect of agriculture on water quality should consider the organization of agricultural production and the role of strategic decisions in controlling farm nutrient balances.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Role of knowledge in the adoption of new agricultural technologies: An approach and an application Texte intégral
2003
Jabbar, M.A. | Mohamed Saleem, M.A. | Gebreselasie, S. | Beyene, H.
Empirical studies on agricultural technology adoption generally divide a population into adopters and nonadopters, and analyse the reasons for adoption or nonadoption at a point in time. In reality, technology adoption is not a one-off static decision, rather it involves a dynamic process in which information gathering, learning and experience play pivotal roles, particularly in the early stage of adoption. A conceptual framework for an adoption pathway is suggested in which farmers move from learning to adoption, to continuous or discontinuous use over time. The framework was applied to understand the adoption pathways for vertisol management technology in highland Ethiopia. Analysis of a sample of 585 households confirmed that a simple classification of farmers as adopters and nonadopters was inadequate to understand the adoption process. Rather, a multistage decision process in which farmers moved from learning to adoption to continuous or discontinuous use was more appropriate. The sets of factors that significantly influenced decisions to acquire knowledge about BBM, to adopt and then to use it continuously or discontinuously were different. The lag between learning and adoption, and the possibility of discontinuation and readoption, imply that a longer period will require for majority of the farmers to use the technology than if adoption was a one off decision leading to continuous use.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]New uses of an agricultural product? : a case study of development in an industrial network
2003
Forbord, Magnar
