Представлены результаты изучения элементов продуктивности и параметров адаптивности 11 сортообразцов мировой коллекции ВИР, ежегодно вызревающих в Саратовской области. Адаптивную способность сортообразцов оценивали по коэффициенту линейной регрессии (bi) и коэффициенту вариации (V,%), которые характеризуют способность сорго отзываться на изменение агроклиматических условий возделывания повышением урожайности зерна. Годы исследований значительно различались по метеорологическим условиям, что позволило всесторонне изучить норму реакции растений на изменения условий внешней среды. Наиболее благоприятными для роста и развития растений были 2008 и 2013 гг. (ГТК=1,02–1,06), а засушливыми – 2009–2012 и 2014–2015 гг. (ГТК=0,27–0,68). В результате регрессионного анализа выявлены сортообразцы, отличающиеся экологической пластичностью и высокой фенотипической стабильностью по основным хозяйственным признакам. Фенотипическая стабильность по высоте растений (bi=1,01) и пластичность по урожайности зерна (bi=1,21) выявлена у сортообразца 06-2198, стабильность по урожайности зерна (bi=1,07) и пластичность по высоте растений – у 06-2192 (bi=1,11). Средняя урожайность зерна сортообразцов 06-2198 и 06-2192 составила 3,40-3,63 т/га, соответственно. По комплексу изученных признаков были выделены сортообразцы: интенсивного типа – B-03-3007 и экстенсивного – 06-2199, BR-007R, B-03-3003. Сортообразцы интенсивного и экстенсивного типа характеризовались следующей изменчивостью урожайности зерна за 2008-2015 гг.: B-03-3007 (3,1-7,9 т/га), 06-2199 (3,4-8,4 т/га), BR-007R (2,0-8,2 т/га), B-03-3003 (2,8-5,07 т/га). Параметры экологической пластичности, характеризующие образцы, используются в практической селекции для создания новых сортов и гибридов F1 с высокими адаптационными свойствами в условиях Нижнего Поволжья. | The article presents the results of the study of elements of productivity and parameters of adaptability 11 varieties from world collection of All-Russia Plant Husbandry Institute (VIR), annually cultivated in Saratov region. Adaptive capacity is assess by the coefficient of linear regression (bi) and the coefficient of variation (V, %), which characterize the ability of sorghum to respond to the changing agro–climatic conditions of cultivation to increase the yield of grain. Years of research significantly differed in meteorological conditions, which allowed to study comprehensively the norm of reaction of plants to changing environmental conditions. Most favorable for the growth and development of plants were 2008 and 2013 (hydrothermal coefficient 1.02–1.06); and 2009–2012 and 2014–2015 was characterized as "dry" (0.27–0.68). As a result of the regression analysis revealed accessions of different ecological plasticity and high phenotypic stability of the main economic features. Phenotypic stability in plant height (bi=1.01) and ductility on grain yield (bi=1.21) were detected in varieties 06-2198; stability for grain yield (bi=1.07) and plasticity in plant height (bi=1.11) – 06-2192. The average grain yield of varieties 06-2198 and 06-2192 made up 3.40 and 3.63 t/ha, respectively. The set of studied traits were selected varieties of intensive type – B-03-3007 and extensive – 06-2199, BR-007R, B-03-3003. Varieties of intensive and extensive type characterized by the following variability of grain yield for 2008-2015: B-03-3007 (3.1-7.9 t/ha), 06-2199 (3.4-8.4 t/ha), BR-007R (2.0-8.2 t/ha), B-03-3003 (2.8-5.07 t/ha). The parameters of ecological plasticity characterizing the samples are used in practical breeding to create new varieties and F1 hybrids with high adaptive properties in the Lower Volga region.

The article discusses the results of the generational analysis of the indices "leaf length on the level P" and the "leaf length on the level P + 1" in maize ("P" indicates the leaf, from which a corncob diverges). Research object were 21 generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, F3, B1, B2, L1, L2, L3, F2bip, B11, B12, B21, B22, B1 / F1, B2 / F1, B1bip, B2bip, B1S, B2S) of YUV 150 / YUV 2 hybrid combination. Field observations were realized in Saratov region. Plot area is 15 m2, replication – 21-fold. Measures were made during milky ripeness stage. When the biometric approach used in the experiment, there is no analysis of genetic functioning a allelic replacement at the molecular level, but it is an attempt to explain the phenotypic expression, which is the result of joint contributions of all involved loci. In crossing combination between inbred lines YUV 150 / YUV 2 parental lines differed significantly in length and leaf of P and P + 1 levels. The advantage of the hybrid progeny, compared with the line YUV 2 made by P level was 1.1...31.1%, and P + 1- 9.6...44.7%. The expected average length of the leaf P and P + 1 levels are identical to F2 generation, F2 / F1 (L2), F2 bip, and B1 and F2 / P1 (L1), B2 and F2 / F2 (L2), which is possible in If there is interaction between the three re-contact, but not between the two clutches. Parameter estimation of additive, dominant effects and interaction effects for signs of leaf length n and n + 1-tiers in combination crossing YUV 150 / YUV 2 points to the inadequacy of the additive-dominant model, as chi-square criterion is highly significant that complicates the explanation of the calculated values. In the experiment parameters [h], [ja / b], [l / ab], [ja / bc], for n + 1 tier - [d], [ja / b] were not significant at the P-level. The significance of other parameters of interaction three gene model points to the complexity of the control characteristic "length of leaf n and n + 1 tiers" in the separate consideration combinations of crossing maize lines. | Проведен генерационный анализ параметров "длина листа яруса-П" и "длина листа яруса-П+1" у кукурузы (П – лист, от которого отходит початок). Объектом исследований послужили 21 поколение (P1, P2, F1, F2, F3, B1, B2, L1, L2, L3, F2bip, B11, B12, B21, B22, B1/F1, B2/F1, B1bip, B2bip, B1S, B2S) гибридной комбинации ЮВ 150/ЮВ 2. Полевые наблюдения проводили в Саратовской области. Площадь делянки 15 м2, повторность 20-кратная. Измерения проводили в фазу молочной спелости. При биометрическом подходе, используемом в эксперименте, не анализировалось генетическое функционирование на молекулярном уровне какого-либо аллельного замещения, а была предпринята попытка объяснения фенотипической экспрессии, являющейся результатом совместных вкладов всех участвующих локусов. В комбинации скрещивания инцухт-линий ЮВ 150/ЮВ 2 родительские линии значительно различались по длине листьев П и П+1-ярусов. Преимущество гибридных потомств по сравнению с линией ЮВ 2 составило по П-ярусу 1,1…31,1%, а по П+1-ярусу 9,6…44,7%. Ожидаемые средние значения длины листьев П и П+1-ярусов одинаковы в поколениях F2, F2/ F1(L2), F2 bip, а также B1 и F2/ Р1(L1), B2 и F2/ Р2(L2), что возможно в случае наличия взаимодействия между тремя генами, но не между двумя сцепленными. Оценка параметров аддитивного, доминантного эффектов и эффектов взаимодействия для признаков длина листьев П и П+1-ярусов в комбинации скрещивания ЮВ 150/ЮВ 2 указывает на неадекватность аддитивно-доминантной модели, так как критерий хи-квадрат высокозначим, что затрудняет объяснение полученных расчетных величин. В эксперименте не значимы по П-ярусу оказались параметры [h], [ja/b], [l/ab], [ja/bc], по П+1-ярусу – [d], [ja/b]. Значимость иных параметров взаимодействия трехгенной модели указывает на сложный характер контроля признака "длина листьев П и П+1 ярусов" в отдельно рассмотренной комбинации скрещивания линий кукурузы.

During 2010, 2012 and 2013 photosynthetic potential (PP) and net photosynthetic productivity (NPP) indicators of grain sorghum hybrids F1, obtained from 2 sets of nuclear CMS-lines with different types of sterile cytoplasm А3, А4, 9Е (with sorghum line Zheltozernoe 10 genome) and М35-1А and 9Е (with sorghum line Pishchevoe 614 genome) were studied. Grain sorghum varieties Merkuriy and Pishchevoe 35 were used as pollinators. PP and NPP indicators were estimated on stages "sprouts – tillering", "tillering – heading", "heading – maturity". It was determined that sterile cytoplasm type influenced PP and NPP values of hybrid F1. Cytoplasmic differences display depends on environmental conditions and pollinator's genotype. On average hybrids with Merkuriy showed significant effects of cytoplasm type during all ontogenesis stages, but hybrids with Pishchevoe 35 showed effects only on stage "tillering – heading". Cytoplasm A3 reduced PP value of hybrids with use of Merkuriy and Pishchevoe 35 as pollinators and it was 0.41 and 0.76 thousand m2/ha respectively. The cytoplasm 9E increased the PP value (0.29 thousand m2/ha combined with the pollinator Pishchevoe 35 and 0.40 thousand m2/ha combined with the pollinator Merkuriy) and the NPP value as well, especially in the hot and dry environmental conditions. The PP value was 20.41 g/m2 per day in the hybrid combination of 9E Zheltozernoe 10/Merkuriy and 30.85 g/m2 per day in the hybrid combination of 9E Pishchevoe 614/Merkuriy. The cytoplasm М35-1А also reduced the PP value, but significant differences during three years were not seen on all stages of ontogenesis. The PP value of the hybrid М35-1А Pishchevoe 614/Pishchevoe 35 on the stage "tillering – heading" was 0.16 thousand m2/ha. The PP value of the hybrid М35-1А Pishchevoe 614/Merkuriy on the stage "heading – maturity" was 0.36 thousand m2/ha. The obtained data should be taken into account in the programs of the breeding of the heterosis sorghum hybrids. | В течение 3 сезонов (2010, 2012, 2013) исследовали показатели фотосинтетического потенциала (ФП) и чистой продуктивности фотосинтеза (ЧПФ) у гибридов F1 зернового сорго, полученных на основе 2 наборов изоядерных ЦМС-линий с разными типами стерильных цитоплазм: А3, А4, 9Е (с геномом линии Желтозерное 10) и М35-1А и 9Е (с геномом линии Пищевое 614). В качестве опылителей использовали сорта зернового сорго Меркурий и Пищевое 35. Показатели ФП и ЧПФ оценивали на стадиях "всходы – кущение", "кущение – выметывание", "выметывание – полная спелость". Установлено, что тип стерильной цитоплазмы влияет на величину ФП и ЧПФ у гибридов F1. Проявление цитоплазматических различий зависит от условий внешней среды и генотипа опылителя. У гибридов с Меркурием значимые эффекты типа цитоплазмы в среднем за 3 сезона наблюдались на всех стадиях онтогенеза, тогда как у гибридов с Пищевым 35 – только на стадии "кущение-выметывание". Цитоплазма А3 снижала величину ФП гибридов с опылителями Меркурий и Пищевое-35 и составляла 0,41 и 0,76 тыс.м2/га соответственно, цитоплазма 9Е повышала показатели ФП (0,29 тыс.м2/га в комбинации с опылителем Пищевое-35 и 0,40 тыс.м2/га в комбинации с опылителем Меркурий), а так же ЧПФ, особенно в жарких и засушливых условиях внешней среды. ЧПФ составляла 20,41с г/м2 в сут. в гибридной комбинации 9Е Желтозерное 10/Меркурий и 30,85 г/м2 в сут. у гибрида 9Е Пищевое 614/Меркурий. Цитоплазма М35-1А также снижала ФП, но значимые различия в среднем за 3 года наблюдались не на всех стадиях онтогенеза, а именно у гибрида М35-1А Пищевое 614/ Пищевое-35 на стадии "кущение- выметывание" и составляла 0,16 тыс.м2/га, а также у гибрида М35-1А Пищевое 614/Меркурий за период "выметывание - полная спелость" и составляла 0,36 тыс.м2/га. Полученные данные необходимо учитывать в программах по созданию гетерозисных гибридов сорго.

The ways to improve the vitality of sorghum seed after treatment with Lexin and M-Sunagreen were tested in laboratory conditions. These methods of seed stimulation were also tested in field conditions. All experiments were carried out in 2011-2013. Positive results after using the presented formulations for testing of germination were observed not only in laboratory conditions but also in field experiments. Seeds stimulated by Lexin reached statistically higher germination (95%) compared to control (91.5%) with the shortest medium time of germination (3.5 days) versus control seeds (4.3 days). Higher, faster and smoother germination of stimulated seeds resulted in higher average number of plants per m2 (about 2.1 plants/1 m2 in Lexin compared to control seeds) and thereby contributed to higher average yields up to two tons of dry matter per hectare.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioeconomic feasibility of a consortium of sorghum and different forage species for an integrated crop-livestock production system (ICLS) in the municipality of Nova Porteirinha, MG. In the first year of the experiment, seven grass species were sewn together with sorghum for pasture formation, in addition to sorghum alone, at two spacings (40 and 80 cm), defining 16 treatments: a) Brachiaria decumbens + sorghum; b) B. brizantha + sorghum; c) B. ruziziensis + sorghum; d) Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Áridus + sorghum; e) C. ciliaris cv. 131 + sorghum; f) Panicum maximum + sorghum; g) Andropogon gayanus + sorghum; h) sorghum alone. In the second agricultural year, the forages were previously removed for direct seeding of sorghum. The economic efficiency indicators used were simple payback, discounted payback, net present value, internal rate of return, and benefit-cost ratio. Significant differences (P<0.01) were observed for the effect of consortium, spacing and the interaction consortium x spacing on sorghum productivity. There were significant differences for the effect of consortium (P<0.01), spacing (P<0.01) and interaction consortium x spacing (P<0.05) on dry matter productivity of the forage. Six of the 14 treatments analyzed for the ICLS exhibited greater economic feasibility and attractiveness when compared to sorghum alone. The most recommended consortium was sorghum grown with B. ruziziensis and B. brizantha at spacings of 80 and 40 cm, respectively, due to its high productivity and low cost of pasture implantation.

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 2004-05 and 2005-06 at Agriculture Research Farm, Nehru P.G. College, Lalitpur (U.P.) in sandy loam soil, to find out optimum NPK fertilizer requirement of sorghum + pigeonpea intercropping system. The seed yield of intercrop sorghum was significantly superior at sorghum with 75% NPK + pigeonpea with RDF (1.76 t/ha). Plant height, length and width/panicle, seeds/ panicle of intercrop sorghum were also distinctly higher with these treatment combinations. Sorghum equivalent yield was 108.13% higher at sorghum 75% NPK + pigeonpea RDF over sole sorghum at RDF with LER value of 1.80. Protein content of sorghum seed did not significantly vary due to intercropping system. . However, N,P,Kuptake was 5.32, 16.36 and 14.22 % higher with sorghum + pigeonpea at sorghum 75% NPK+ pigeonpea RDF over sole sorghum at RDF.

Corn and sorghum are standard silage crops because of their fermentative characteristics. While corn and sorghum silages have lower crude protein (CP) contents than other crops, intercropping with legumes can increase CP content. Furthermore, one way to increase CP content is the addition of legumes to silage. Consequently, the research objective was to evaluate the fermentative and bromatological characteristics of corn (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) silages added with forage peanuts (Arachis pintoi). The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates. The treatments consisted of corn silage, sorghum silage, forage peanut silage, corn silage with 30% forage peanut, and sorghum silage with 30% forage peanut. The results showed that the corn and sorghum added with peanut helped to improve the silage fermentative and bromatological characteristics, proving to be an efficient technique for silage quality. The forage peanut silage had lower fermentative characteristics than the corn and sorghum silages. However, the forage peanut silage had a greater CP content, which increased the protein contents of the corn and sorghum silages when intercropped with forage peanuts.

This work focused on the study of the physicochemical properties of nixtamalized corn and sorghum flours, as well as combined nixtamalized corn–sorghum flours with 10, 20, and 30 % of sorghum. The removal of the sorghum pericarp during nixtamalization depends on the steeping time and strongly influences the water and calcium uptake. The absence of the waxy layer in sorghum grain allows a faster water uptake in relation to corn grain. Changes in the pericarp structure during the steeping time govern the Ca absorption in sorghum grain. The partial removal of the pericarp and the most external layers of the endosperm produce the decrease in phosphorous content for corn and sorghum. The Ca/P ratio of nixtamalized corn/sorghum flours is greater than 1 for steeping time up to 3 h. Therefore, this fact could help the increase of Ca in the daily diet. Amylopectin is the predominant macromolecule in both starches. The pasting profiles showed a decrease in peak viscosity when the sorghum fraction increases; this is due to increases in fiber.

Hydromethanolic extracts of brown, red, and white sorghum whole grains were analysed by LC-MSn in negative ESI mode within the range m/z 150–550amu. Besides the flavonoids already reported in sorghum, a number of flavonoids were also identified in the sorghum grain for the first time, including flavanones, flavonols and flavanonols, and flavan-3-ol derivatives. Various phenylpropane glycerides were also found in the sorghum grain, the majority of them are reported here for the first time, and a few of them were detected with abundant peaks in the extracts, indicating they are another important class of phenolic compounds in sorghum. In addition, phenolamides were also found in sorghum grain, which have not been reported before, and dicaffeoyl spermidine was detected in high abundance in the extracts of all three type sorghum grains. These results confirmed that sorghum is a rich source of various phenolic compounds.