The analysis of prices on wheat in Germany from the point of view of the theory of expectations is given. For this purpose, the authors propose their own method of data processing which is called the method of sliding expectations. Different variants of its application were tested for the prognosis of the future meanings of the dynamic line. The conclusion is made as to the proposed methodology that permits to increase the prognosis authenticity. The treatment of the primary data of dynamic lines by sliding expectations allows to make their character closer to the stationary ones and to use it in the future analysis.

A wheat marketing system established the primary classification of hexaploid wheat based on the endosperm texture, i.e. hardness or softness of the grain. Hardness affects a range of characters including the milling (tempering, milling yield, flour particle size, shape and density of flour particles), baking and end-use properties. Wheat grain hardness is largely controlled by genetic factors but it can also be affected by the environmental and other factors. The endosperm texture is primarily associated with the Hardness (Ha) locus on the short arm of chromosome 5D. It is regulated by friabilin. This 15 kDa starch surface protein complex is present in larger amounts in soft wheats compared to hard ones and consists of three major polypeptides: puroindoline a (Pina), puroindoline b (Pinb) and grain softness protein 1 (Gsp-1). The soft grain texture in wheat is a result of both puroindoline genes being in the wild type active form and bound to starch. When one of the puroindolines is either absent or altered by mutation, then the result is a hard texture. Gene sequence variation and mutation of both puroindoline genes account for the majority of variation in the wheat grain texture. The latter may serve as the potential for improvement of milling and baking wheat quality. However, many wheat varieties have the intermediately (mixed) hard endosperm and there is a wide variation between soft and hard grain texture. Grain hardness is affected by a number of factors beyond genetics including N management, tillage system, pest infestations, environment (location of growth, temperature and rainfall during the growing season) and their interactions, and factors such as moisture, gliadin composition, and content of lipids, starch and pentosans.

In order to investigation of yield trials new durum wheats lines (D-81-17, D-81-18, D-82-6 and D-82-16) with commercial durum wheat variety (kargah), on farm experiments were conducted at three farmer conditions (Shush, Ahwaz and Dezful) in randomized complete block design,with four replications at cropping seasons (2005-06). All agronomic factors such as sowing date , seed rate, fertilization rate and weed control were applicated in normal roll. Grain yield was analyses via rank method and yield index ratio. Lines N0. 17 and 18 had not superior compare kargah. Lines N0. 6 and 16 were superior 16 and 11 percentage with kargah. Therefor lines 6 and 16 recommended that will investigation in onfarm.

The effects of wheat cultivar and harvest year on the wheat technological quality were studied by univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Two wheat varieties sown in the harvest years 2003-2005 were used, the first one of European (cultivar Bezostaja, RUS), the second one of American origin (cultivar Jagger, USA). The evaluated parameter values indicated otherness of technological quality of the varieties studied, mostly in the milling effectivity and in proteins contents and quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) results suggested these differences, but their verifiability based on ANOVA testing was not proved. The harvest year mostly affected also the milling quality and alveograph parameters. The baking test results were not affected by either of both effects studied. The crop of 2003 had higher proximity to the crop of 2004 than to that of 2005. Multivariate analysis (cluster analysis; CA), was used to evaluate the interaction between the wheat cultivar and harvest year effects. In comparison of these effects rate, the technological quality of American cultivar Jagger was strongly influenced by the cultivar (with exception of Falling Number and gases volume). In contrast, the quality of the European wheat cultivar Bezostaja depended significantly on the harvest year.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent Fusarium toxin in Czech wheat samples and therefore forecasting this mycotoxin is a potentially useful tool to prevent it from entering into food chain. The data about DON content in wheat grain, weather conditions during the growing season and cultivation practices from two field experiments conducted in 2002-2005 were used for the development of neural network model designed for DON content prediction. The winning neural network is based on five input variables: a categorial variable - preceding crop, and continuous variables - average April temperature, sum of April precipitation, average temperature 5 days prior to anthesis, sum of precipitation 5 days prior to anthesis. The most important input parameters are the preceding crop and sum of precipitation 5 days prior to anthesis. The weather conditions in April, which are important for inoculum formation on crop debris are also of important contribution to the model. The weather conditions during May and 5 days after anthesis play only an insignificant role for the DON content in grain. The effect of soil cultivation was found inferior for model function as well. The correlation between observed and predicted data using the neural network model reached the coefficient R2 = 0.87.

In order to transfer of research results and introduce of new bread wheat lines to farmer and evaluation of promisisng lines in farmers field 3 promising lines with check(Hamoon) and boolani cross and two lines S-80-18 and S-78-11 were planted in two locations in Zabol. In each location both experiment were as randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 7 treatments.Character as yield , 1000 seed weight and growth ability was measured in growth during.Results showed in malekabad village line number 6 with grain yield 5.56 t/ha and 21 percent preference than check had the most yield and after that line S- 83-3 with 5.007 t/ha and 17 percent preference than check inserted in second grade and in jahantigh village S-83-3 so with 4.98 t/ha and 17 percent preference than check was recomended. Finally line S-83-3 has a well performance in two local and that 1000 seed weight was 34 gr.

A field experiment was conducted to study the response of wheat and rice to phosphorus during 20004-05 at D.I. Khan. The basal dose of N at 120 kg and K2O at 60 kg per ha was applied with P levels (0, 45 and 90 kg P2O5 per ha) to both wheat and rice crops. Wheat variety Naseer 2000 and rice variety IRRI-6 were used in the study. The experiment was carried out in RCB design with three replications. Phosphorus application significantly increased the grain yield of wheat from 2920 kg per ha in control to 3560 kg per ha in the treatments receiving P at 90 kg P2O5 per ha giving an increase of 22 % over control. The number of tillers, spikes, spike length and plant height of wheat were also significantly increased by P application. The rice also showed positively response to P application and hence both yield and yield parameters were significantly greater in the P than in the check treatment. Paddy yield was increased significantly by P application up to 75% over control. Plant height and 1000 grain weight was also significantly increased with P application over control. The application of P significantly increases number of spike per plant and spike length over control, however no statistical difference was recorded among the treatment. The cumulative application of 90 kg P2O5 per ha gave the highest increase of 75% while direct application of the same level gave an increase of 54% however 47% increase over control was recorded by the residual application of 90 kg P2O5 per ha. The highest VCR of 3.7:1 was achieved with the cumulative application of 45 kg P2O5 per ha.

The Effects of Phytohormones On The Production of Haploid Wheat Were Examined in The intergeneric Crosses Between Japanese Wheat Cultivar (Triticum Aestivum Cv. Zenkojikomugi) and Maize (ZEA MAYS Cv. Pioneer P80 Lisa). The Detached Wheat Spikes Pollinated With Maize Were Cultured in A Solution Containing Sucrose and Sulfurous Acid Supplemented With 2,4―Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4―D), indole-Acetic Acid, Naphthalene Acetic Acid, Kinetin Or 6-Benzylaminopurine At 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 Or 1000 Mg L-1. Haploid Embryos Obtained Were Cultured On Agarose-Solidified B5 Medium. The Frequency of Plant Regeneration Was Significantly Affected Only By The Treatment With 100 Mg L-1 2,4―D. Thus, The Detached Spikes Were Cultured in The Medium Containing 2,4―D At 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200 Or 400 Mg L-1. The Treatments With 50 Mg L-1 2,4―D increased The Embryo Size, But The Treatments With Above 75 Mg L-1 2,4―D inhibited The Development of The Embryo. The Percentage of Florets Developing into Haploid Plants Was increased By The Treatment With 100 Mg L-1 2,4―D. Therefore, The Concentration of 2,4―D in THe Spikes Treated With 2,4―D At 50, 100 and 150 Mg L-1 WERe Measured By Gas Chromatography. The Concentration of 2,4―D in THE Seed Was increased To 9.24 Ppm By The Treatment With 100 Mg L-1 2,4―D, A Further increase of 2,4―D Concentration in The Medium Having No Effect. On The Other Hand, The Concentration of 2,4―D in The Glumes and Rachis increased Up To 12.72 and 41.55 Ppm By The TreatmenT With 100 and 150 Mg L-1 2,4―D, Respectively. The Treatments With 2,4―D At A Concentration Higher Than 100 Mg L-1 inhibited Embryo Development. The Present Results Suggested That 2,4―D At The Concentrations From 50 To 100 Mg L-1 Would Be Optimum For Haploid Wheat Production Using Maize.

Wheat genetic materials developed from research at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico for developing countries have provided spillover benefits to Australia. Varieties developed from those genetic materials have resulted in yield increases in Australia. While the initial impact came through the introduction of higher-yielding semi-dwarf wheat crops, those impacts have continued in the post-semidwarf period. CIMMYT's success in developing countries has also reduced the world price for wheat. While the lower prices affect returns in Australia, the increased yields in Australia from the CIMMYT spillovers from both the semi-dwarfs and the post-semidwarf phases have provided benefits to Australia averaging A$30 million per year.

This study was conducted to compare six advanced bread wheat lines with two local checks cultivars (Chamran and Shiroudi) under farmer field conditions (on-farm) at Darab region during one cropping season (2006-07) in two farmer fields. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. During growing season some traits such as; heading date, physiological maturity date, plant height were measured. The end of growing season grain yield and thousand grain weight were measured. Based on results line number 8 (S-80-18) produced the highest grain yield. Therefore, we recommend this line for wider fields at next years.