Work is executed at the Grodno state agrarian university. The purpose of researches - studying of specific structure Fitopatogening a complex on crops winter wheat-rye. It is established, that in conditions of the Grodno area on winter wheat-rye the pathogenic complex on a specific variety close to those on a winter wheat and including illnesses winter, roots and the basis of a culm, assimilashing the device and an ear is formed

Free lipids (FL), bound lipids (BL) and total lipids (TL) were determined by the Soxhlet method in whole ground spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L.) and hexaploid winter wheat (T. aestivum) samples. Ninety-one samples of spelt and 78 samples of winter wheat were analysed in the present study. The available material is representative of the wide variability found in spelt (true spelt forms compared with spelt wheat hybrid material). The results show that spelt differs from winter wheat by a higher FL and TL content (on average, 1·3 times and 1·2 times respectively). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that FL account for most of the high TL content of spelt as compared to winter wheat. Lipid content is a parameter which allows a distinction between spelt and winter wheat. This could be useful for breeders to classify spelt varieties.

A field experiment was carried out on sandy clay loam soil at the Research and Training farm "Peterlauki" of the Latvia University of Agriculture. The effect of growing rates of phosphorus fertilizer (P0; P60; P90; P120) on the yield and quality of winter wheat was tested at two nitrogen levels (N60 and N60+60). From yield formation aspect, more suitable meteorological conditions were observed in 2000. 1999 has early and cold spring, as well as dry first half of the vegetation period, but 2001 was non-typically wet with warm end of June and start of July. The obtained data showed that better treatment was N120P60K90, what ensured average yield - 5.82 t ha*[-1). The result of growing nitrogen rates is the highest nitrogen uptake by production. Growing phosphorus rates influenced nitrogen uptake especially on background N60K90, but on background N120K90 these changes were not significant. Grain quality indices were different during experiment. The gluten content in grain was affected by fertilizer rate but gluten quality by meteorological conditions. More high grain weight per ear, uniformity and the food grain result, and volume weight have been obtained using fertilizers with N:P ratio ranging from 1:1.0-1.5 at one application, and those with N:P ratio ranging from 1:0.67-1.0 when nitrogen rate was split.

On selected fields of the long-term crop-rotation experiment the reaction of winter wheat varieties on cultivation in different crop production systems in 1998-00 was analysed. The research included the analysis of selected elements of canopy architecture, yield structure and productivity of winter wheat varieties. The largest differentiation of yields and analysed parameters of tested varieties was noted in the ecological system and monoculture. In the integrated system there was the largest productivity of winter wheat, whereas in the ecological one - the smallest

Jointed goatgrass is most commonly described as a winter annual species. However, it has been observed to produce spikes in spring crops, apparently without being exposed to vernalizing conditions. A controlled environment study was conducted to determine the reproductive response of jointed goatgrass plants grown from seeds of fall- and spring-emerging parent plants to various vernalization durations. Winter wheat was included as a control. Winter wheat spikelet production was dependent on vernalization, and the number of spikes per plant was 10-fold greater if the plants were exposed to 4 C for 10 wk. In contrast, jointed goatgrass spike production without vernalization remained as high as 50%% of that produced by plants exposed to 10 wk of vernalization conditions. Jointed goatgrass is thus not as dependent on vernalization for reproduction as the comparative winter wheat standard. Apparently, jointed goatgrass is more a facultative rather than an obligate winter annual. Rotating to a spring-seeded crop should not be expected to completely prevent jointed goatgrass seed production. Fields rotated to spring wheat to eliminate jointed goatgrass seed production should be monitored, and jointed goatgrass should be hand pulled or otherwise controlled to ensure zero seed production.Nomenclature: Jointed goatgrass, Aegilops cylindrica L. AEGCY; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘‘Madsen’’.

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of tillage reduction combined with canopy care methods on winter wheat grain yield. A two-factor experiment was carried out on lessive loess soil at Czesławice Experimental Station in the years 1994-1997. The experimental factors were four methods of soil tillage (I, II, III, IV) and four methods of winter wheat canopy care (A, B, D, E). Winter rape was winter wheat forecrop. The results revealed that winter wheat yielding was much more differentiated by the methods of canopy care than soil tillage treatments. The grain yield of the crop increased slightly (3.7% in comparison to nontreated object) when winter wheat canopy was cared by spring harrowing only (B). Greater care intensity by using herbicides (Arelon 75 WP, Aminopielik D) - object C, and furthermore by using fungicides (Tilt 250 EC, Bayleton 25 WP) - object D caused grain yield increase by 37.2% and 39.5%, respectively. That increase was a consequence of greater ear density per m2, number and weight of grain per ear, and 1000 grain weight. As to tillage treatments, grain yield decrease, by about 8.0%, occurred in treatment IV, in which both stubble and pre-sowing ploughing were excluded (disking substituted stubble ploughing and cultivator was used instead of pre-sowing ploughing). That was due to the decrease of ear density per m2 resulting from the increase of weed infestation of a winter wheat canopy. Other tillage treatments - II and III lowered the winter wheat grain yield substantially in comparison to traditional tillage (stubble plough + two times harrow + pre-sowing plough + harrow) - object I. Treatment II stubble tillage was substituted by cultivator and pre-sowing plough 10-12 cm; in treatment III stubble tillage was avoided and pre-sowing plough was performed typically.

The aim of this work is to point at the basic agrotechnical measures for wheat growing influencing on technological value of grain. In general spring wheat has the best baking quality compared to winter wheat whereas winter wheat has better milling quality with relation to spring wheat. There are varieties with very good, good and average technological value in the Polish List of Varieties. From agricultural factors nitrogen fertilization has the main influence on protein content, gluten content and others useful properties

The aim of this work was determination the reasons of weaker development and yielding of winter wheat after ploughing harvest residues of winter rape. The field and laboratory experiments on fertilizing value of winter rape harvest residue were carried out in Experimental Station Pawlowice in 1998-01. The mass of rape roots and stubbles was ca. 30 percent which was mean 9.7 t per ha and accumulated Ca-90, K-74, Mg-16 and P-15 kg per ha. The winter wheat grown on after plough-in straw of rape were lower by 3.8 percent