We carried out multifactorial analysis on the humidity and test of storage of the practical level in order to change the chestnut from the ordinary-temperature storage to low temperature storage. Low temperature storage was carried out as 3degC storage which did humidifying and -2degC storage using both of polyethylene wrap and chip of the tree. As the result, the large factor which causes the humidity is a temperature in the storage shed and the colder it is, it the more difficult is to keep shed. Also, the -2degC storage using both of chip of the tree and polyethylene wrap was the most excellent in the storage form in point of the quality (sugar content, specific gravity, moisture content, disease) of the chestnut. It was shown that this study could be stored lon-term, while the quality of the chestnut is retained.

Eighteen homoeopathic drugs were tried for their potential against storage on storage rots of potatoes in an 'Evaporatively Cooled Store'. Natrum hypochlorosum 30 was most promising, with no rot in treated tubers till 130 days. All other drugs delayed rot initiation by 35 to 65 days as compared to control. At the end of storage alt except Quercusi significantly reduced rot incidence by 61.8 to 91.4% and disease index between 67.6 to 91.4 %. Higher potencies of Sulphur iodatum proved more effective in delaying rot initiation.

Commercially grown honey dew fruit [Cucumis melo (Inodorus group)] typically are harvested before abscission because fruit cut unripe have a longer storage life than fully ripe fruit. However, because fully ripe fruit contain higher concentrations of soluble solids (predominantly as sugars), an attribute that increases their preference among consumers, methods are being explored to extend the storage life of fully ripe fruit. In this study, fully abscised honey dew fruit were evaluated for tissue attributes and consumer preference following postharvest dipping in either chelated or nonchelated calcium (Ca) solutions. Calcium sources were an amino acid-chelated Ca, ethylene-diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-chelated Ca, or calcium chloride (CaCl2), with each provided at three different rates. Fruit were evaluated at harvest, and after 14 or 22 days commercial storage. Evaluations were peel surface changes (color and disorders), hypodermal-mesocarp tissue Ca concentration, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration, and consumer preference of the edible flesh. Peel color became yellowed and lighter during storage for all fruit, with higher Ca rates resulting in more intensely yellowed fruit. Hypodermal-mesocarp tissue Ca concentration was 0.90 mg(.)g-1 of fresh weight (900 ppm) at harvest, and declined in all fruit by 22 days storage. Peel disorders (disease and spotting) were none to slight for all fruit by 14 days storage, but by 22 days storage disease incidence ranged from none to severe, depending on the Ca source and rate. Fruit firmness declined in all fruit throughout storage, with the smallest declines measured in fruit treated with the amino acid-chelated Ca. Soluble solids concentration of fully ripe fruit was 12.3% at harvest, and showed either no decline or slight declines with storage among the treatments. Consumer preference was highest for freshly harvested fruit, but fruit were desirable even after 22 days storage across all treatments. Postharvest application of Ca at less than or equal to 0.16 M Ca in an amino acid-chelated form, versus EDTA-chelated Ca or CaCl2, slowed honey dew melon senescence so that after 22 days of commercial and retail storage the fruit were of high marketable quality, and there was no detrimental effect on consumer preference for the edible flesh.

Black-spot symptoms, caused by Alternaria alternata, develop in 'Triumph' persimmon fruit during prolonged storage at -1 degree C. Preharvest dip treatment in the organic chlorine compound Troclosene sodium extended the storage life of the fruit by delaying development of black-spot disease (BSD). Troclosene sodium was more stable and efficient for the control of A. alternata than calcium hypochlorite. At 500 microgram ml(-1) Troclosene sodium significantly reduced the development of BSD in persimmon fruit sampled in 15 orchards in different growing regions of Israel. Following commercial dipping and storage at -1 degree C, the percentage of marketable fruit after 4 months of storage was 15-40% higher than in untreated fruit. Present results suggest that the BSD can be controlled by a simple dip treatment with chlorine disinfectant.

The environmental effects of the post-harvest, market disease of Okra pods caused by Alternaria alternata were studied. The results of this study are concluded as follow: 1. The lesions caused by Alternaria alternata were observed in storage at 10 - 30 deg C . The appearance of lesions depended on the storage temperature. The occurrence of lesions were severe during storage at 20 deg C or higher, while they were slight during stotage at 10 deg C, however, later the lesions increased rapidly. The lesiohs decreased remarkably below 6 deg C . However, Okra pods storaged below 6 deg C caused pitting from the cool temperatures and the quality of the Okra pods declined. 2. The lesions increased when the relative humidity was above 95%, while the occurrence of the disease declined below 90% relative humidity. 3. Packaging made with a density of O2 above 2.6% and CO2 below 20.6%, produced many lesions. When the density of O2 was below 0.6%, and CO2 was above 27.9%, the lesion did not occur, but this packaging atmosphere caused pitting and an offensive smell, so the quality of Okra declined.

This paper describes the cellular and ultraestructural lesions found on a neurological illness observed in calves in the department of Paysandú. The animals were part of a cross experimental herd, composed by several breeds of Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Salers, Zebu and Red Poll calves. One calf was euthanatized and necropsied. Samples of two normal calves were included as controls. Histologically, there were varying degrees of vacuolization in the cytoplasm of numerous neurons in all studied organs. The ultraestructural study showed membrane-bound vacuoles filled with finely granulated material. Representative sections of medulla, cerebellum and spinal cord were submitted to lectinhistochemical procedures. The stored material reacted to the following lectines: Concanavalia ensiformis (Con-A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA) and Succinylated-Triticum vulgaris (sWGA). The pattern of staining coincides with the data reported for a α-mannodisosis. Tne disorder, unrecognized until now in Uruguay, should be better characterized epidemiologically. | El presente trabajo describe las lesiones celulares y ultraestructurales de una enfermedad neurológica observada en terneros en el departamento de Paysandú. Los animales formaban parte de un rodeo de cruzamientos experimentales en el que se encontraban las razas Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Salers, Zebú y Red Poll. Se observó un aumento de la tasa de mortalidad entre los terneros recién nacidos. Un ternero enfermo fue sacrificado y necropsiado. Se analizaron como control muestras de dos terneros normales. El estudio histológico permitió observar vacuolización de numerosas neuronas en todos los tejidos analizados. El estudio ultraestructural permitió observar vacuolas asociadas a membranas ocupadas por un material finamente granular. Cortes representativos de bulbo raquídeo, cerebelo y médula espinal fueron analizados con métodos lectin-histoquímicos. El material almacenado reaccionó con las siguientes lectinas: COncanavalia ensiformis (Con-A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), y Triticum vulgaris succinilada (sWGA). El patrón lectinistoquímico observado es coincidente con una α-manosidosis. La enfermedad, desconocida hasta el momento en Uruguay, debería ser caracterizada epidemiológicamente.

Scrophularia buergeriana Misrule has been contaminated with various pathogens in condition of field and storage period. This study was carried out for production of multiple stress resistance plant containing disease resistance that CGST gene expressed in transgenic Scrophularia buergeriana Misrule genome. Glutathione S-Transferase (GSTs) detoxify endobiotic and xenobiotic compounds by covalent linking of tripeptide glutathione to hydrophobic substrate.

Temperature effected the amount of 146S particles in Swine Trivalent Foot and Mouth Disease Oil Emulsion Vaccine. It was found that after storage the vaccine at 4 deg C, 15 deg C and 20 deg C for 35 days, the amount of 146S particles measured by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation method decreased a little when compared to those at pre-storage. After storing the vaccine at 25 deg C for 5, 14, 28 and 35 days, the average amount of 146S particles were 11.93, 41.76, 58.24 and 64.77 percent decrease, respectively, Whereas they were 44.41, 63.97, 68.16 and 100 percent decrease after storing the vaccine at 37 deg C for 1, 5, 10 and 14 days, respectively.

The nut rot attributed to the fungus 'Phomopsis castanea' (Sacc.) causes serious losses to the New Zealand chestnut industry. In anticipation of the likely increased importance of the chestnut industry in New Zealand, a study was undertaken as part of the ultimate goal of eliminating or minimising this storage rot problem. This study focused on determining the location, timing and intensity of 'P castanea' infection of chestnuts; possible methods of control; pollen source as a potential vector of infection and resistance; and better quantification of the levels of rot in storage. The experiments were conducted over two growing seasons in both North and South Island sites. 'P castanea' colonised leaves, twigs, and structural parts of the inflorescence and branch tissue. Phomopsis was identified on the stigmatic surface and associated with pollen. Phomopsis infection levels increased with increased rainfall, and when temperatures were high, reaching 90% in the wettest and warmest locations and at most 45% in the driest cool areas. Warm-wet conditions favoured disease development. In the South Island there were varietal differences in both levels of infection and rate of decline of infection levels, in the North Island such varietal differences were not observed, suggesting genotype by environment interactions. Other studies have shown a significant link between pollen source and incidence of 'P castanea' and subsequent nut-rot, this study has confirmed this link in the South Island but with low incidence in the range between 5% and 19% nut rots. The different pollinators and environmental conditions in each trial may explain such results. Trunk injection of a fungicide as a means of control has been found ineffective and this is in agreement with previous attempts to use chemical control. Late pollination was found to increase the incidence of external fungal infection. This study has also found that the spread of the disease from nut to nut after harvest and during storage was not significant. The conclusion of this study is that the control of Phomopsis rot will be achieved by a range of measures such as, choice of well adapted cultivars associated with good pollinators, good orchard management and hygiene, post harvest treatment and screening, improved storage conditions, and intense breeding for Phomopsis tolerance in both cultivars and pollinators.

Realizing the potential of Embryo transfer (ET) for rapid, cheap and widespread dissemination of genetic material, the risk of transmission disease through the embryos must be considered. The aim of this paper is to evaluate theses risks at each step of production, storage and transfer. The pathogen agent may potentially originate from the donor male (semen) or the donor female (oocytes, embryos) and finally from the environmental conditions. As the differences between in vivo and in vitro derived embryos have been well described, evaluation of the potential risks should be assessed separately for in vivo and in vitro produced embryos. Even if this paper insist on the diseases or diseases agents that are more questionable, it clearly appears that ET remains the more safety way to transfer gene, provided prevention measures are properly handled (use of donor that are specific pathogen free, washing of embryos, additional treatment...) and furthermore it can be easily seen as the best way to prevent some disease transmissions (TSEs, leukosis, foot-and-mouth disease...)