Bio-ecological Studies On The Safflower capsule fly, Acanthiophilus helianthi( Rossi),(Dip.:Tephritidae) in Kohgiloye-Va-Boyerahmad and Ilam Provincees.
2006
Sa`idi, Karim
The safflower capsule fly, Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi),(Dip. : Tephritidae) is one of the most important pests of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius in the world.Larvae fed initially on the soft parts of the heads,while those in the second and thired instars did so on the soft seeds within.The biology of the pest (A.helianthi),was studied in 2003 and 2004 under field conditions by caging the whole flower heads per plant in muslin cover. Supplemented laboratory experiments were also conducted using cut stem with flower heads, placed in 1 liter glass vials and newly emerged adults and parasites were collected. Investigation of infected flower heads safflower in Gachsaran region from Kohgiloyeh-Va-Boyerahmad province,showed that A.helianthi simultaneously with Trellia luteola (Dip.:Tephritidae) and Chaetorellia carthami (Dip.:Tephritidae) in fields emerged and cause infection flower heads. In Ilam province in addition to three species mentioned, one species with scientific name, Urophora mauritanica Macquart (Dip.:Tephritidae) were collected. The safflower capsule fly A.helianthi in both Gachsaran and Ilam region simultaneously in Mid May emerged and gradually population increased and females start to egg laying.Eggs white and fusiform and were laid on the bracts of the flower heads, singly or in groups.The newly hatched larvae fed on the soft parts of the heads, and later did so on the soft seeds within and ultimately oil content had declined.The larval stage lasted about a week and the pupal stage,which is passed in the heads.A single flower head was found to contain, minimum 1, maximum 17 and average 5 pupae. Safflower capsule fly in Gachsaran region from Kohgiloyeh-Va-Boyerahmad province and Dehloran region from Ilam province has three generation and Dareshar and Shirvan from Ilam province has one generation per year. Observation indicated that the safflower capsule fly attacked on the composites including Carthamus oxycantha M. the sex ratio was 1:1.winter was passed by pupae in heads left in the fields after harvest. The larvae and pupae safflower capsule fly were parasited by species of Braconidae , Torymiidae , Cynipidae , Eulophidae and Eurytomidae.
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