Application research on compound substrate in soilless culture of greenhouse tomato | 复合基质在大棚番茄无土栽培上的应用研究

Китайский. 初步探讨发酵后的部分农业有机废弃物替代草炭在大棚番茄无土栽培中的应用效果。以番茄品种“金棚朝冠”为试材，采用金宝贝基质营养土发酵助剂发酵玉米秸秆、玉米芯、稻壳，与自然腐熟的牛粪和河沙按体积比组配成4种复合基质（基质A：60%玉米秸秆+20%河沙+20%牛粪；基质B：50%玉米秸秆+10%玉米芯+20%河沙+20%牛粪；基质C：50%玉米秸秆+10%稻壳+20%河沙+20%牛粪；基质D：40%玉米秸秆+10%玉米芯+10%稻壳+20%河沙+20%牛粪，以上均为体积分数），并配施烘干鸡粪和三元复合肥，以50%草炭+25%珍珠岩+25%蛭石（CK1）、常规土壤栽培（CK2）为对照，研究不同基质对春夏季大棚番茄生长特性、产量和品质的影响。栽培前，已添加等量基肥的4种复合基质，其容重、总孔隙度、pH值和EC值都在番茄无土栽培适宜的理想基质范围之内；在番茄定植后的整个生育期内，4种复合基质中只有基质B番茄的株高和茎粗接近于CK1和CK2；拉秧时基质B中番茄的根冠比最大；基质B的栽培效果在4种复合基质中最优，番茄产量仅比CK1和CK2分别减少1.1%和1.9%，番茄果实糖酸比和维生素C含量与CK2相比分别提高72.3%和13.0%，番茄果实硝酸盐含量与CK2相比极显著降低26.1%。复合基质B可以代替草炭用于大棚番茄的无土栽培，从而达到资源化利用农业废弃物，解决设施蔬菜生产过程中土壤盐渍化和连作障碍问题及提高果实品质的目的。

Английский. The preliminary study on soilless culture of greenhouse tomato was conducted with some fermented agricultural organic waste. With tomato cv. ‘Jinpeng Chaoguan’ as material, the experiment studied the influences of different compound substrates on growth, yield and quality of tomato under plastic tunnel during spring-summer season. Four kinds of compound substrates (substrate A: 60% corn straw + 20% river sand + 20% cattle manure; substrate B: 50% corn straw + 10% corn cob + 20% river sand + 20% cattle manure; substrate C: 50% corn straw + 10% rice husk + 20% river sand + 20% cattle manure; substrate D: 40% corn straw + 10% corn cob + 10% rice husk + 20% river sand + 20% cattle manure), were prepared with different ratios of corn straw, corn cob, rice husk (all fermented by King Baby microbial ferment agent), cattle manure (natural fermentation) and river sand, combined with dried chicken manure and the ternary compound fertilizer as topdressing. Two treatments were used as control: 50% peat + 25% perlite + 25% vermiculite (CK1) was taken as the substrate control of organic ecotype culture and the conventional soil culture (CK2) was taken as the control of substrate culture. The equivalent basic fertilizer was added in the four kinds of compound substrates before cultivation. Before cultivation the physicochemical properties of the four kinds of compound substrates, such as bulk density, total porosity, pH and EC, were all in the appropriate ranges of an ideal soilless culture substrate for tomato. The plant height and stem diameter of tomato throughout the whole growth period of crop field setting were found close to CK1 and CK2 only in the substrate B. At the end of experiment the root-shoot ratio of tomato cultivated in the substrate B was the largest. Among the four kinds of compound substrates the cultivation effects of the substrate B was the best one, whose yield decreased by 1.1% and 1.9% respectively compared with CK1 and CK2. Both the ratio of sugar and acid and the content of vitamin c of tomato cultivated in the substrate B significantly increased by 72.3% and 13.0% respectively compared with CK2. The content of nitrate in tomato cultivated in the substrate B significantly decreased by 26.1% than that in CK2. The compound substrate B can be used in soilless culture of greenhouse tomato instead of using peat, so as to reach the goal of solving soil salinization and continuous cropping obstacle by resource-utilizing agricultural residue and improving the fruit quality.