Effect of long-term cultivation and fertilization on community diversity of cropland soil animals | 长期耕作与长期定位施肥对农田土壤动物群落多样性的影响

Китайский. 【目的】2003年8月至2004年9月,选取撂荒、耕作10年、50年与100年的吉林黑土、新疆灰漠土和撂荒、耕作20年与100年江西红壤及其长期定位施肥试验中的撂荒、CK、N、NP、NK、NPK、MNPK和1.5MNPK 处理,研究长期耕作、定位施肥与土壤动物群落多样性关系。【方法】采用改良干漏斗（Modified Tullgren）法分离土壤0-20 cm的土壤动物。【结果】共采集农田土壤动物26 571只,其中大型土壤动物1 632只、中小型土壤动物24 939只,隶属4门5纲26目。弹尾目、膜翅目、蜱螨目为农田土壤动物中的优势类群。Kruskal- Wallis 方差分析显示,长期耕作条件下不同土壤类型间仅农田土壤动物群落均匀性差异显著（x均匀性（2）=6.045,P＜0.05）;长期定位施肥条件下,不同土壤类型间农田土壤动物个体数、类群数以及群落多样性差异性（x个体数（2）=17.26, x类群数（2）=14.03,x多样性（2）=15.61,P＜0.001）。长期耕作条件下,土壤动物类群一般在撂荒处理中数量最多、耕作早期中小型土壤动物类群最少;长期定位施肥条件下农田土壤动物个体和类群数在撂荒、有机肥配施处理中最高。长期耕作与长期定位施肥对农田土壤动物群落影响不均衡,其中对农田土壤动物个体总数影响最大,对均匀性影响最小。研究时段,长期耕作条件下土壤有机质和全氮与农田主要土壤动物群落之间典型相关关系不显著（P＞0.05）;长期定位施肥条件下土壤有机质和全氮与农田主要土壤动物群落之间存在显著典型相关关系（P＜0.01）,其中土壤全氮对蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目和土壤动物个体总数影响最大,而土壤有机质对蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目、土壤动物个体总数、类群数和群落多样性影响最大。土壤动物主要类群因素对由长期定位施肥引起的土壤有机质和土壤全氮变化具有很好的预测能力。【结论】农田土壤动物群落多样性改变与长期耕作与长期定位施肥有 关。农田主要类群因素能够较好地预测长期定位施肥引起的土壤主要养分变化。

Английский. 【Objective】 During Aug. 2003 to Sept. 2004, the long-term cultivation including abandonment, 10 years, 50 years and 100 years of cultivation in black soil of Jilin Province and grey dissert soil of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; abandonment, 20 years and 100 years of cultivation in red soil of Jiangxi Province and long-term fertilization including abandonment, K, N, NP, NK, NPK, MNPK and 1.5MNPK treatments of the three types of soil were chosen to study the relationship between cropland soil animals and long-term cultivation and long-term fertilization. 【Method】 The Modified Tullgren method was used to separate cropland soil animals from soil samples (0-20 cm). 【Result】 There were 26 571 individuals of cropland soil animals were collected, belonging to 4 Phylums, 5 Classes, 26 Orders. Among them, 1 632 individuals were macrofauna, 24 939 were meso and microfauna. Mite, springtails and hymenoptera were the most dominant species in the collection. Among the three types of soil, community evenness of cropland soil animals in the long-term cultivation was significantly different, and the number of individuals, the number of group and community diversity in long-term fertilization were significantly different by Kruskal-Wallis analysis. The number of group of cropland soil animals usually was the the most in abandonment in the long-term cultivation, and the mesco and microfauna group in early period of long-term cultivation was the least. The number of individuals and group of cropland soil animals were the most in abandonment and combined with application of organic-mineral fertilizers in long-term fertilization. Both of long-term cultivation and long-term fertilization had imbalance effect on cropland soil community, of which the effect on the number of individual of cropland soil animals, was the most and the effect on the community evenness of cropland soil animal was the least. The canonical relationship between soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen and cropland soil animal community in long-term cultivation was not significantly different (P＞0.05), while a significant difference was detected in long-term fertilization (P＜0.01). In long-term fertilization, soil total nitrogen had the most effect on mites, springtail, hymenoptera and the total individuals of cropland soil animals, the most effect of soil organic matter on mites, springtail, hymenoptera and the total individuals of cropland soil animal, group and community diversity of cropland soil animal was observed. The key group of cropland soil animal could be used to predict the change of soil organic and soil total nitrogen caused by long-term fertilization application. 【Conclusion】 The change of cropland soil animal community has relation with long-term cultivation and long-term fertilization. The key group of cropland soil animal factors can be used to predict the change of soil key nutrient caused by long-term fertilization application.