The phenology of plants under the changing conditions of the environment | Fenológia rastlín v meniacich sa podmienkach prostredia

Climate is changing in the Central European area. At present we do not know exactly to determine a proportion of human contribution to this climate change. Certainly the climate has become warmer in Slovakia in 1871-2008. In Hurbanovo total number of days with positive air temperatures increases, in the meanwhile total number of days with negative temperatures decreases. We can state that during this period aridization trends were detected in the southern part of Slovakia (especially in the Danubian lowland, the East-Slovakia lowland and the Košická hollow). Recently the climate in the Danubian low land begins to show some features typical for the Mediterranean region with its warmer spells and aridization trends. The first records of new species of fauna introduction into the Danubian lowland are a reality. New species come mainly from the Mediterranean to this locality. Also other shifts of climatic regions and subregions towards the higher altitudes were registered in Slovakia during the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21 st century. The northern mountainous part of Slovakia has become more humid during this period. Scenarios based on three climate models GCMs show additional wanning on this territory at the end of the 21 st century. Spatial presentation (GIS) of BBCH 87 (Fruit ripe for picking) onset of summer, autumn and winter apple varieties in conditions of changing climate in Slovak Republic. Two facts on the base of statistical methods according to submitted methodology and spatial elaboration in GIS were confirmed. There was a strong phenological stages onsets dependence on altitudes and obvious onset shift to earlier tenns in model situation in case of all the three observed varieties. By the all three apple varieties was the average beginning of phenological stage BBCH 87 - fruit ripe for picking in area of Slovakia earlier by localities in lowlands (from 90 to 300 ID. a.s.l.) by continuous shift into higher situated areas (lower uplands 301-705 m a.s.l.), as e.g. Malé Karpaty, Biele Karpaty, Turzovská vrchovina, Kysucká vrchovina, Štiavnické vrchy, Ľubovnianska vrchovina or Vihorlatské vrchy by 730 ma. s. l., for which was characteristic the latest terms of phenological stages beginning. The beginning of phenological stage dependence on height above the sea level will be probably also in conditions of changed climate. In term of BBCH 87 beginning by areal appreciation in unchanged and also changed climate, the push-forward tendency of phenological stage beginning was confirmed. For summer apple varieties the beginning interval for this phenological stage in 1x CO2 atmosphere condition in lowlands of Slovakia was estimated as day interval from 8.7. to 18.7. In condition of changes climate the fruit picking will starting in this regions before June the 28th. Fruit ripe for picking by autumn varieties was observed in condition of unchanged climate in interval from 27.8. to 6.9. in lowlands. In two-fold CO2 concentration will the beginning of BBCH 87 in lowlands till August the 7th which means a shift more than 20 days in comparison to unchanged climate. The most pronounced shift of BBCH 87 phenological stage beginning towards to earlier terms was determined for winter apple varieties. According to recent regionalization is for the lowland areas a characteristic beginning of evaluated phenological stage in interval from 26.9. till 6.10. In conditions of climate change will be for these heights above the sea level a characteristically picking period before August the 17th., in interval from 17.8. till 27.8., which means in lowlands to 200m a. s. l. a shift of 5 weeks. In recent conditions of 1xC02 atmosphere concentration (unchanged climate) the fruit picking was done after October the 16th. The terms characteristically for this region in doubled CO2 concentration will be the interval from 6.9. to 16.9. Following the evidently phenological stage push-forward there are certain assumptions that a cultivation of those varieties which were by now regionalized for the warmest regions, will be possible to cultivate also in higher areas. In the area forest phenology we show five individual works. In the area phenology the fruit trees we show results two individual research works.