Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of_ spring wheat in Hexi oasis of Gansu | 灌水和施氮对甘肃河西绿洲春小麦生长及产量的影响

Китайский. 研究不同灌水、施氮措施对甘肃河西绿洲春小麦生长、产量和水分利用的影响。在甘肃河西绿洲地区，以春小麦品种永良4号为试验材料，在春小麦不同生育期进行灌水（充分灌水（CK），拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期不灌水5个水平）及施氮（施纯氮0, 120, 180 kg/hm2）完全组合设计，共计15个处理，通过大田小区试验，研究灌水和施氮对春小麦株高、叶面积指数（LAI）、冠层干物质量、籽粒产量、产量构成要素、水分利用效率（WUE）及灌溉水利用效率（IWUE）的影响。不同灌水处理对春小麦的株高、叶面积指数、冠层干物质量、籽粒产量、穗粒数、千粒质量、WUE和IWUE均有一定的影响。春小麦永良4号的水分敏感期为拔节期，其次为抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期。拔节期不灌水后复水对春小麦后期株高有一定的补偿效应，但补偿能力有限。与CK相比，拔节期不灌水处理的冠层干物质量降低了42.41%，籽粒产量和WUE分别降低了38.09%和12.09%，且穗粒数也降低了39.01%；抽穗期不灌水处理的冠层干物质量降低了33.94%，籽粒产量和WUE分别降低了35.35%和10.69%，且穗粒数和千粒质量分别降低了16.64%和11.60%；灌浆期不灌水处理的冠层干物质量降低了20.80%，籽粒产量和WUE分别降低了33.06%和12.58%，且穗粒数和千粒质量分别降低了18.19%和11.97%；成熟期不灌水处理的冠层干物质量下降不明显，产量降低了5.98%，而WUE提高了21.38%；施氮可以提高春小麦的株高、LAI、冠层干物质量、籽粒产量、收获指数和穗粒数。成熟期不灌水和充分灌水处理的春小麦籽粒产量、WUE和IWUE随施氮量增加而升高，而拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期不灌水处理的春小麦籽粒产量、WUE和IWUE随施氮量的增加呈先升高后降低趋势。不同灌水条件下，适量施氮可以提高春小麦的WUE和IWUE；春小麦成熟期不灌水、施纯氮180 kg/hm2，为甘肃河西绿洲地区较适宜的灌水施肥措施。

Английский. This paper is to study the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and water use of spring wheat in Hexi oasis of Gansu province. With Yongliang 4 as test material, irrigation at different growth stages (full irrigation (CK), no irrigation at jointing, tassel, milky and mature 5 level) of spring wheat and nitrogen fertilizer (nitrogen 0, 120, 180 kg/hm2 3 level) complete combination design were provided to carry out field plot experiments to study effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on plant height, leaf area index (LAI), canopy dry matter, grain yield, yield-component factors, water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of spring wheat. There were some effects of irrigation at different growth stages on plant height, LAI, canopy dry matter, grain yield, grains per spike, 1 000_grain weight, WUE and IWUE. Jointing stage was most water sensitive period rather than tassel, milky and mature stage of spring wheat Yongliang 4 in Hexi oasis. Rewatering after no irrigation at jointing stage had a significant compensation effect on spring wheat height, but it was limited. Compared with CK, canopy dry matter of spring wheat of no irrigation at jointing stage reduced by 42.41%, grain yield and WUE reduced by 38.09% and 12.09%; canopy dry matter of no irrigation at tassel stage reduced by 33.94%, grain yield and WUE reduced by 35.35% and 10.69%; canopy dry matter of no irrigation at milky stage reduced by 20.80%, grain yield and WUE have reduced by 33.06% and 12.58%; there is no significant effect on canopy dry matter of no irrigation at mature stage, but grain yield reduced by 5.98% and WUE increased by 21.38%; 1 000-grain weight of no irrigation at tassel stage and milky treatments reduced by 11.60% and 11.97%, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer could increase plant height, LAI, canopy dry matter, grain yield, harvest index and grains per spike. WUE and IWUE of no irrigation at mature stage and full irrigation increased with the increased of nitrogen fertilizer, but those of no irrigation at jointing, tassel and milky stage increased and then decreased. Proper nitrogen fertilizer rate could increase WUE and IWUE; the treatment of no irrigation at mature stage and 180 kg/hm2 of nitrogen seemed to be the appropriate measure.