Structure and dynamics of arthropod communities in kiwifruit orchards | 猕猴桃园节肢动物群落结构及其动态研究

Китайский. 探讨猕猴桃园节肢动物群落特征、结构组成及动态规律，为猕猴桃园害虫防治提供依据。在猕猴桃种植面积较大、产量较高的周至、眉县2县，选择树龄分别为3，9和14年生的人工栽植猕猴桃园及秦岭山区野生园为调查对象，系统调查园内节肢动物群落的种类和数量，测定群落的丰富度、多样性及均匀度等指标，并用Matlab7.1平均距离法进行系统聚类分析，用SPSS16.0进行主分量分析，研究园内节肢动物群落的变化规律。猕猴桃园节肢动物群落分属3纲，15目，74科，约有90种。野生猕猴桃园节肢动物群落最稳定，栽植园群落稳定性9年生园14年生园3年生园。野生猕猴桃园及3个人工栽植园之间，节肢动物群落的多样性、均匀度和优势度差异均显著。野生猕猴桃园节肢动物群落多样性、均匀度、优势度的动态变化较人工栽植园平稳；3个人工栽植园群落多样性和均匀度在7月份出现低谷，优势度在7月份出现高峰。聚类结果表明，9年生园节肢动物群落与14年生园首先聚为一类，再与3年生园聚为一类，最后与野生园聚为一类。随着树龄的增长，主导节肢动物群落的最主要因子由捕食性类群逐渐转变为植食性类群。野生猕猴桃节肢动物群落数量的高峰出现在6月份，且以天敌亚群落为主；栽植园群落高峰期出现在7月份，且以害虫亚群落为主。3个人工栽植猕猴桃园内节肢动物群落消长动态起伏较大。在5月份14年生园中叶蝉数量较多，7月份各栽植园中的山楂叶螨数量较多，8-9月份9和14年生园中小薪甲发生量较大，应适时进行有针对性的防治。

Английский. Study on the characteristics, structures and dynamics of arthropod communities in kiwifruit orchards was done to provide evidence for pest control in kiwifruit orchards. In Zhouzhi and Meixian counties where exists both big areas and large production of kiwifruit, we selected three years, nine years, 14 years kiwifruit orchards in planting area and wild kiwifruit in Qinling mountain as research objects. The species and numbers of arthropod communities in selected orchards were systematically investigated by measuring the community richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance. Systematic cluster and principal component were analyzed with Matlab7.1 and SPSS16.0 respectively. Arthropod communities included approximately 90 species, which belonged to 3 classes, 15 orders and 74 families. The community stability of the wild kiwifruit orchard was the highest, followed by the 9 years and 14 years of kiwifruit orchards, with the 3 years kiwifruit orchard the lowest. The differences in community diversity, evenness and dominance among orchards were significant (P0.05). The diversity, evenness and dominance of arthropod community in wild kiwifruit orchard changed much more smoothly than in cultivated orchards. The diversity and evenness in cultivated orchards were the highest in July, while the dominance the lowest. It was demonstrated that the arthropod communities in 9 years and 14 years orchard were clustered as one group firstly, clustered with 3 years orchard then, finally, clustered with wild orchard according to cluster analysis. With the increase of tree-age, the primary leading factor of arthropod community changed into phytophagous group from predatory group gradually. There was a peak in June for the quantity of arthropod community in wild orchard, natural enemies primarily, while the quantities of arthropod communities in cultivated orchards were the highest in July, with mainly pests. The dynamics of arthropod communities in 3 cultivated orchards fluctuated greatly. An outbreak of leafhopper in 14 years orchard occurred in May; Hawthorn spider mite in three cultivated orchards broke out in July, Microgramme spp. in both 9 and 14 years orchards broke out in August and September. These pests should be controlled in proper time.