Development of plant-derived organic fertilizers and their effect on the young pear trees | 植物源有机肥配方设计及对梨幼树的营养效应

Китайский. 【目的】探讨植物源有机肥配方的设计及其在沙地梨幼树上的应用效果。【方法】以养分总量最大化、单一元素含量较高和元素间的平衡关系为基准，鸡粪为参比，从果园常见的间作物种类中优选出黄豆、绿豆、白三叶、紫花苜蓿、沙打旺植株地上部分作为基本配肥材料，加入夏季剪掉的梨树嫩梢，正交设计出32种肥料配方，腐熟后同基准选择出5种配方肥料(T1―T5)施用作为处理，农家肥(T6)施用与不施肥(T7)为对照，分别对盆栽黄金梨幼树根际土壤和幼树叶片中养分相关的指标变化进行测定和比较。【结果】施肥处理较对照显著提高根际土壤有机质含量，降低土壤失水率；提高根际土壤中矿质元素含量及其比例；提高植株生长高度和粗度、叶片干物质的积累量、叶片中矿质元素含量及其比例，提高叶片净光合速率和水分利用率。各种供试的配方肥对梨幼树根际土壤和幼树的营养效应不同：其中，T1对提高土壤碱解N、交换性Ca含量、有效Fe含量、土壤有机质含量，幼树叶片Ca、Fe含量的效果最优；T2对提高土壤有效Cu含量，叶片K含量、Cu含量，叶片干物质积累量效果最优；T3对提高土壤有效K、Mn含量，叶片Mn含量，植株光合速率的效果最优；T4对提高土壤交换性Mg、有效Zn含量，叶片平均N、Mg、Zn含量，幼树株高效果最优。综合评价结果为T1＞T2＞T4＞T3＞ T5＞T6＞T7。【结论】施用植物源有机肥能够有效提高土壤有机质含量，降低土壤失水率，改善土壤养分含量及其平衡关系，提高土壤供肥能力，改善梨幼树的生长状况，优化叶片养分含量及其相互关系，改良幼树叶片的效能，其中T1、T2效果较佳。

Английский. 【Objective】The purpose of this paper is to devise and select valuable botanical organic fertilizers with good effect on young pear trees growing in sandy soil. 【Method】Thinking of maximum nutrition, single element and balance of all the nutrition elements, composition was as follows: Glycine maa Merrill, Phaseolus aureus Rosa, Trifolium repens L., Medicago sativa L., Astragalus adsurgens Pall were selected as basic materials for organic fertilizer, 5(T1-T5) out of 32 decomposed manures designed by orthogonal design were selected in this paper, using farmyard manure (T6) and without manure (T7) as controls. The nutrition condition of soil and young pear tree leaves was investigated. 【Result】Compared with CK(No fertilizer and manure), fertilizer processing could improve the organic matter content of the soil, also with increased mineral elements, the soil moisture remained higher than that of CK, the height and diameter of young pear tree enhanced, the accumulation of dry matter was more than that of control. At the same time, the net photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency were better than that of control. T1 had a significant effect on the content of soil K, N, exchangeable Ca, available Fe, organic matter content, the same effects were also found on the leaf Ca and Fe content. While taking soil available Cu, the leaf K, Cu content and leaf dry matter as all, T2 was the best of all treatments. As for the content of soil available K, Mn, leaf Mn and photosynthetic rate, T3 was the best among all the treatments. T4 had good effect on soil exchangeable Mg, available Zn, and the highest leaf N, Mg and Zn content, the height of young pear tree was found in this treatment.【Conclusion】The tested organic fertilizers had good effect on improving soil organic matter content, remaining higher soil moisture, keeping balance of all elements, soil capacity of nutrient supplying, all those contributed to the better growth condition of the young pear tree, especially T1, T2.