Improving crop yield by genetic engineering | 通过转基因手段改善作物产量性状

Китайский. 在世界范围内，目前的作物转基因研究主要针对于提高作物自身的抗逆性开展，而产量是一个较为复杂的农艺性状，受多种基因与环境的相互作用所控制。其中，光合作用、氮素同化、碳源分配、植株株型等生理过程是产量形成的基础。随着植物基因组测序工程的逐渐完善，控制上述生理过程的许多基因已被成功分离，并通过基因工程手段对其进行遗传修饰，最终获得了产量性状得以明显改善的转基因植物。虽然目前对于基因如何调控每个性状的机制尚未得到充分阐明，但是这些基因的获得及其增产功能的验证为作物的高产育种提供了一条全新的思路和一系列新方法。随着国家转基因生物新品种培育科技重大专项的实施，对功能基因的认识显得尤为重要，本文主要从影响作物产量形成的源、流、库、株型、氮素及水分利用率等几方面入手，对近10年来控制植物产量性状基因的相关研究进行了综述，期望为高产转基因作物新品种的培育提供一定的理论依据。

Английский. At present, the researches on crop genetic engineering are mainly for the sake of the improvement of plant resistance, while yield is a complex agronomic trait, controlled by various genes and environment. Photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, distribution of carbon source and plant architecture are widely considered as the base of yield formation. With the advance of Plant Genome Project, a lot of genes regulating the above physiological process have been identified and genetically modified, which resulted in the improvement of crop yield. Isolation of the genes as well as validation of gene function will provide the novel mind and a set of new methods for breeding high-yielding varieties, although the molecular mechanism that the genes regulate the traits is still unknown. With the implementation of the Important National Project of Transgenic New Variety Cultivation, identification of functional genes will be paid more and more attention. The researches on the important genes related to plant yield are summarized in the article on the basis of source, translocation, sink, plant architecture and nitrogen utilization contributing to yield formation in crops, which are expected to contribute to cultivating transgenic crops of high yield.