A study on seed quality standard system of crops in domestic and abroad | 国内外农作物种子质量标准体系比较

Китайский. 【目的】中国种业面临严峻的挑战,其中农作物种子质量标准体系的建立健全是种业技术的关键问题之一。本研究通过对中国主要农作物种子质量标准与发达国家同类标准的比较,探索中国农作物种子质量标准新体系构建方案。【方法】对世界上重要国际组织和发达国家122个农作物种子质量标准与中国相应13个农作物现行标准进行比较,分析两者的异同点,根据中国种业发展的情况,提出中国农作物种子质量标准新体系的构建意见。【结果】(1)中国现行农作物种子质量标准与发达国家相比,主要存在两方面差异：一是质量标准的种子等级系统不一致。发达国家质量标准的种子一致地相应于种子生产四级程序,在育种家种子基础上分为三级,而中国现行的粮、棉、油及薯类作物种子质量标准中种子等级程序多样化,有两级,有三级,甚至四级,不一致。二是质量标准的指标系统不健全。发达国家的粮、棉、油作物都基本包括净种子、杂质、其它作物种子总量、其它品种、其它类型、杂草种子、有毒(有害)杂草种子、发芽率和种子含水量等;在薯类作物中,主要突出了应有的病害指标。而在中国的标准中,仅有纯度、净度、发芽率和水分四个指标;薯类仅显示纯度、薯块整齐度和不完善薯块率三个指标,缺少当地必要的病害指标。(2)归纳出制定农作物种子质量标准两原则：一是标准体系中种子生产等级系统的合理性,应体现以育种家种子为种源,通过重复繁殖和限代繁殖,有效保持优良品种的种性;二是体系中指标系统的健全程度,既要体现中国现代种子生产要求,又能与国际接轨,以保证生产出优质种子,建立种子商品在国内外的品牌。(3)根据中国种业发展实情提出了构建中国主要农作物四级种子(包括育种家种子)质量标准新体系的探索方案。【结论】中国农作物种子质量标准须兼具统一的“四级种子等级系统”和健全的“八项质量指标系统”,薯类还应突出应有的薯块病害指标,为建立中国商品种子的国内外品牌奠定基础。

Английский. 【Objective】China’s seed industry is confronted with severe challenges, particularly, the establishment of crop seed quality standards is a key issue of this kind of technology industry. The objective of this paper is to explore new four rank quality standards by comparing international seed quality standards with standards in China.【Method】According to the development of Chinese seed industry, views of China’s seed quality standard were constructed by comparing those standards in 122 important international organizations and developed countries with the current standards of 13 corresponding crops in China, and analyzing their similarities and differences. 【Result】 There are two differences: One is the system of seed ranks. Seed classifications of China’s current grain, cotton, oil seeds and potato tubers quality standards were diversified, including two ranks, three ranks and four ranks. But there just were four ranks in developed countries. The other is the factor index systems of seed quality. The factors index of seed quality of grain, cotton, and oil seeds in developed countries include pure seed, inert matter, total other crop seeds, other varieties, other species, weed seeds, noxious and (or) harmful weed seeds, moisture, germination, etc. The disease index should be highlighted in the potato tubers. There were four indexes including purity, clarity, moisture, germination in the grain, cotton, and oil seeds and purity, irregular of tubers, uniformity of tubers, meantime lacked necessary disease indexes in the potato tubers in China. Two basic principles of establishment of the system of seed quality standards are formed: firstly, the systems of seed ranks should be reasonable and the breeders’ seeds should serve as provenances for repeated reproduction and restricted generation reproduction to maintain excellent varieties; secondly, it is necessary to improve the ample degree of the system of factors index that not only reflects the requirements of China’s modern seeds production, but also integrates with the international advanced technology to ensure production of high-quality seeds and brand of commodity seeds. A new exploring scheme of seed quality standard system was suggested.【Conclusion】China’s main crops’ seed quality standards should be unified both seed ranks systems and factor index systems to establish the foundation of China’s domestic and foreign brands of commodity seeds.