Study on the prevention measures of microbes of raw milk in reception system | 原料奶生产环节微生物污染分析及防控措施研究

Китайский. 研究原料奶生产环节微生物菌落总数的变化规律，确定防控微生物污染的有效措施。通过测定原料奶生产各环节微生物菌落总数，分析微生物污染的变化规律，在此基础上研究不同奶牛乳房清洗消毒方式、舍弃奶量、贮存温度、运输条件等对原料奶中微生物菌落总数的影响，进而获得有效防控微生物污染的措施。奶站设备的卫生状况是造成不同奶站原料奶中微生物菌落总数存在明显差异的原因，奶牛乳房卫生状况、设备的卫生状况及贮存运输条件是造成同一奶站不同环节微生物存在明显差异的原因。温水清洗后擦干再用质量分数0.1% KMnO4溶液消毒奶牛乳房并擦干后，原料奶中菌落总数由未清洗时的2.65×104 cfu/mL降低到2.56×103 cfu/mL。舍弃奶量超过40 mL时，原料奶菌落总数小于1.00×103 cfu/mL，并趋于稳定。相同贮存时间下于0~4 ℃条件下贮存奶样中的微生物菌落总数增长较缓慢。4 927次收奶记录中的1 054 次微生物抽检记录显示，奶温越高、运输距离越长原料奶中微生物菌落总数越多。采取改善奶站设备卫生水平、温水清洗擦干后消毒奶牛乳房并擦干、机械挤奶前舍弃多于40 mL奶、将原料奶快速冷却至0~4 ℃贮存以及缩短运输距离、减少贮运温度波动等措施，均可有效控制原料奶的微生物污染。

Английский. The study intended to probe into the prevention measures of microbes of raw milk in reception system. The experiment was to investigate the change of total bacterial counts in raw milk, then research the way of cleaning and disinfection, the volume of raw milk which should be discarded, the reasonable temperatures of the cooling tank and the specific transport requirement, in order to find effective measures to reduce microbes in raw milk. Sanitary conditions of equipment between different milk stations result in significant variations of microbes in raw milk. Sanitary condition of udder and equipment, the condition of storage and transportation between different links in the same milk station result in significant variations of microbes in raw milk. By cleaning cow's udder by warm water and disinfecting it with 0.1% KMnO4, then drying the udder before milking, the total bacterial counts in raw milk reduced to 2.56×103 cfu/mL from 2.65×104 cfu/mL. Total bacterial counts in raw milk reduced to 1.00×103 cfu/mL and was far less diverse when discarding the first 40 mL raw milk. Total bacterial counts grew slowly when the temperature of raw milk fell to 0-4 ℃ as soon as possible. In 1 054 microbe examination records of 4 927 reception records, the higher the temperature of raw milk and the longer the haul distance, the more microbes in raw milk. Improve the sanitary condition of equipment, clean cow's udder by warm water and disinfect it, then dry the udder before milking,discard more than 40 mL raw milk, lower the temperature of raw milk to 0-4 ℃ as soon as possible, shorten the transportation distance of raw milk, keep the temperature of milk container in a narrow range in the transport process, and microbes in the raw milk can be reduced effectively.