Pollination Biology of Ficus virens var. sublanceolata in Fuzhou | 福州大叶榕的传粉生物学

Китайский. 在福州地区选取了10株大叶榕,对其传粉生物学进行研究。大叶榕花序果发育株内同步,株间异步,花序果发育过程可划分为5个时期：雌前期、雌花期、间花期、雄花期和花后期。大叶榕常年挂果,在每年的1―2月和6―7月有2个明显的花序芽萌发高峰期,单株每年结果1～3次。大叶榕花序果从雌前期到花后期的发育时间长短因季节而异：冬季和春季（12月―翌年5月）发育较慢,最长的持续近130天;夏秋季（6―11月）发育较快,间花期明显缩短,从雌前期到花后期仅需约80天。大叶榕雌花期单果进蜂数量以1只占绝对优势,使个体小,数量多的花序果能够获得有效进蜂,既大幅提高了小蜂的传粉效率,也保证了花序果的高结实率。大叶榕花序果内有7种小蜂,隶属于小蜂总科中的7个科（亚科）,其中榕小蜂科的冠缝榕小蜂是大叶榕唯一的传粉者,其传粉方式为主动传粉。首次发现姬小蜂寄生于榕果的现象。大叶榕花序果中传粉小蜂和非传粉小蜂的种类和数量呈现明显的季节性变化,冬季和春季榕果内小蜂的种类和数量较多,传粉榕小蜂是优势种,榕果种子结实率高;夏秋季小蜂种类和数量略少,Camarothorax bismasculinus小蜂和Sycophila sp.小蜂是优势种,此期榕果结实率极低,对大叶榕的繁殖利益有较大的负面影响。本研究结果可为城市绿化和热带雨林生物多样性保护提供科学依据。

Английский. Ficus virens, a common ornamental species in Fuzhou, is a monoecious fig species. Ten Ficus virens trees were chosen in Fuzhou to study their pollination biology. The fruit development was synchronization within individual tree and asynchrony among trees. The syconium growth of F. virens was divided into five stages： pre-female phase, female phase, inter-floral phase, male-phase, post-floral phase. F. virens can continuously produce the figs year-round. There were two fruiting peaks in one year, respectively in January-February and June-July, and each tree could produce 1-3 crops annually. The growth time from pre-female phase to post-floral phase in the syconia varied in seasons. In winter and spring （December-May of the following year）, figs grew slowly and lasted for nearly 130 days. In summer and autumn （June-November）, figs grew faster, the inter-floral phase obviously reduced and the duration was about 80 days. The foundress number of F. virens during female phase was usually by only one wasp, so that the small and numerous syconia received wasps effectively, which significantly raised pollinate efficiency by wasps, and also ensured high ratio of fruiting in the syconia. There were seven kinds of wasps in syconia of F. virens, belonging to seven families （subfamily） of Chalcidoidea. Among them, Platyscapa coronata of Agaonidae was the only species-specific pollinator for F. virens, its pollinational manner was active pollination. Aprostocetus sp. parasitic in figs was discerned for the first time. The type and the amount of pollinators and non-pollinators in the syconia exhibited an obviously seasonal variation. Type and quantity of wasps in figs were more in winter and spring than in summer to autumn. Pollinator was the dominant species. The ratio of fruiting in figs was especially high. In summer and autumn, Camarothorax bismasculinus and Sycophila sp. were the dominant species, and the setting percentage of figs were extremely low, which had a negative effect on the reproductive interests of F. virens. The results would provide useful information for management of the city greening and protection of the tropical rainforest biodiversity.