Preparation and use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal inoculants to increase the yield of dryland Wheat

In order to obtain best results from arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculums to increase water and minerals uptake and finally wheat yield, it is better to use indigenous species which are in wheat rhizospheric soil with highly effective in wheat root colonization and mycorrhizal symbiosis. To do this , 60 soil compound samples in East Azarbayejan, Fars, Khorasan, Khozestan and Golestan were gathered. By trap culture and use of sorghum plant indigenous mycorrhizal spores were produced and renewed.75 monospecific culture of these spores was prepared. From these, in 20 cultures, mycorrhizal symbiosis was created and fungi produced some spores. Mycorrhizal spores were separated and diagnostic slides were prepared. By using spore morphological characteristics, mycorrhizal spores divided into known mycorrhizal genus and species, and also by inoculating of wheat by these fungi mycorrhizal root colonization for each species were measured. Results showed that 7 species of mycorrhizal fungi were exist in gathered samples which from them Glomus mossea and Glomus intraradices by 30 and 20 percent respectively were more abundant species. Other species including Glomus etunicatum, Glomus geosporum, Glomus caledonium , Glomus claroideum and Glomus clarum were 10 percent for each species. Mycorrhizal root percentage for above species were 63,60,53,45,57,59 and 56 respectively. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial test arranged as a complete randomized design with eleven fungal treatments namely, two isolates of Glomus mossea one isolate of G. etunicuatum two isolates of Glomus intraradices two isolates of Glomus clarum one isolate of Glomus caledonium one isolate of Glomus claroideum and one treatment of all mentioned fungi with equal number of spores named mix and the non-fungal treatment (control) and for times of harvesting and for replicates were used in the experiment to ascertain the mycorrhiza interactive effects on wheat nutrient uptake. The results indicated that all fungal treatments creates very good symbiotic relation with wheat plants and in final time colonization percentage were more than 60 percent. Increasing colonization cause greater uptake of macro and micro nutrients and greater amounts of aerial and root dry weight. In for harvesting times these greater amounts of aerial and root dry weight were statistically meaningful. Also in primitive times increasing root colonization percentage cause greater uptake of nutrients which were statistically meaningful. In order to evaluate the mycorrhizal fungi potential to decline the deleterious effects of drought stress , one greenhouse research with 10 fungal treatments in 3 levels of moisture including 8 , 16 and 32 %(w/w) and 4 replication for each treatments in completely randomized factorial was designed .Parameters such as shoot dry matter, root dry matter, colonization percentage and uptake of P, K Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were determined. Results showed that moisture treatments had meaningful effect (P0.01) on all parameters and fungal treatments also had meaningful effects (P0.01) in colonization percentage and (P0.05) on shoot dry matter and uptake of P, Zn and Fe .Three fungal species including Glomus mossea, Glomua intraradices and Glomus etunicatum were more effective than other species. Forin vitro production of mycorrhizal inoculum, spores of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi including Glomus intraradices, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus mossea were prepared by trap culture of Sudan grass, isolating from soil and disinfected by preper antibutic componds. These spores were placed near the head of induced carrot roots on M mediun in completely strile condition.After creation of symbiotic relationshipe between these two organisms for co- manipulation, the colonised roots were transferred to 250 ml glass bottle with 100 ml of M medium.After 8 weeks, roots and fungi were isolated from medium as fungal inoculum. Results of this project showed that In Vitro culture is effective method for inoculum production of Glomus intraradices and Glomus etunicatum. But Glomus mossea was not produced any spore by this method and propose to use other methods such as aeroponic and hydroponic for inoculum production of this fungi.