Ultrasound-assisted extraction of cornelian cherries: process optimization by response surface methodology
2018
Pavlić, Branimir (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3551-7478) | Vakula, Anita (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6663-9489) | Zeković, Zoran (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5432-7071) | Tepić-Horecki, Aleksandra (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-0313) | Šumić, Zdravko (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-0139)
Vacuum dried cornelian cherries (Cornus mas L.) were used for the preparation of extracts with high content of bioactive compounds. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used for recovery of phenolic antioxidants. 25-1 factorial design was used for preliminary experiments in order to determine the most influential UAE factors (temperature, extraction time, ethanol concentration, ultrasonic power and liquid-solid ratio), while total phenols (TP) and total anthocyanins (TMA) were investigated responses. Further, three level, three variable Box-Behnken experimental design with response surface methodology (RSM) was used for multi-response optimization in terms of maximized yields for TP, TMA, total flavonoids content (TF) and antioxidant activity parameters obtained by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Temperature (40, 60 and 80°C), extraction time (20, 40 and 60 min) and ethanol concentration (20, 40 and 60%) were investigated as independent variables. Experimental results were fitted to second-order polynomial model and analysis of variance was used to determine fitness of the model and optimal conditions. Three-dimensional surface plots were generated from the mathematical model in order to determine influence of UAE parameters on different responses. The optimal conditions for multiresponse maximization (TP, TF, DPPH, FRAP and ABTS) were temperature of 80°C, extraction time of 54.8 min and ethanol concentration of 28.4%, with desirability function of 0.916. Optimization of UAE procedure was successfully performed using RSM, which provided recovery of valuable phenolic antioxidants from under-utilized cornelian cherries.
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