The potential impact of future climate on the distribution of European yew (Taxus baccata L.) in the Hyrcanian Forest region (Iran)

The Hyrcanian Forest region is rich in relict species, and endemic and endangered species. Although there are concerns about climate change, its influence on tree species in the Hyrcanian forests in the north of Iran is still unidentified.Taxus baccatais among the few conifer species found in the region, and the present study aims to evaluate the potential impact of climate change on the distribution ofT. baccata. For this purpose, we used ensemble species distribution modeling with ten algorithms and based on two geographic extents (global and regional) and climate data for different climate change scenarios. For the regional extent, we calibrated the models in Hyrcanian forests including the three provinces in the north of Iran. For the global extent, we calibrated the models on the whole range distribution ofT. baccata. In both cases, we applied the models to predict the distribution ofT. baccatain northern Iran under current, 2050, and 2070 climates. In regional extent modeling, precipitation of coldest quarter and in global extent modeling temperature seasonality emerged as the most important variables. Present environmental suitability estimates indicated that the suitable area forT. baccatain Hyrcanian forests is 5.89 x 10(3) km(2)(regional modeling) to 9.74 x 10(3) km(2)(global modeling). The modeling suggests that climate change under representative concentration pathways (RCP) 8.5 is likely to lead to strong suitability reductions in the region, with just between 0.63 x 10(3) km(2)(regional modeling) and 0.57 x 10(3) km(2)(global modeling) suitable area in 2070. Hence,T. baccatarisks losing most currently suitable areas in the Hyrcanian forests under climate change. The results of the present study suggest there should be focus on conservation of areas predicted to remain suitable through near-future climate change and provide an estimate of the availability of suitable areas for the regeneration ofT. baccataand its use in reforestation.