Upotreba startnih gnojiva u gnojidbi ratarskih kultura | The use of starter fertilizers in fertilization of field crops

хорватский. Na području Hrvatske postoji duga tradicija proizvodnje različitih ratarskih kultura, od kojih su svakako najvažnije pšenica (oko 170.000 ha) i kukuruz (oko 300.000 ha). Za postizanje visokih i stabilnih prinosa nedvojbeno je potrebno provoditi kvalitetnu gnojidbu ratarskih kultura. U pripremi tla za sjetvu koriste se gnojiva s naglaskom na fosfor i kalij, uz manju količinu dušika. Moderna tehnologija gnojidbe nudi više rješenja, od kojih se posebno ističu tzv. mikrogranulirana startna gnojiva koja se koriste neposredno u sjetvi - istovremenim ulaganjem sjemena i gnojiva u tlo. Osim mikrogranuliranih, na tržištu postoje i tekuća startna gnojiva, međutim zbog potrebe za posebnim uređajem za inkorporiranje u tlo, manje se koriste, te različite kombinacije s dodatkom organske komponente. Glavni je razlog upotrebe startnih gnojiva brza i učinkovita opskrba korijena biljke fosforom, glavnim elementom važnim za početni razvoj biljke i rast korijena. Kako u vrijeme sjetve ozimih, ali i jarih kultura, na području Hrvatske često vladaju nepovoljni klimatski uvjeti (niska temperatura, visoka vlaga u tlu) djelovanje startnih gnojiva posebno je važno. I naposljetku, upotreba posebnih formuliranih gnojiva omogućava širenje uzgoja žitarica i na manje povoljnim položajima, na kojima ostale kulture ne postižu zadovoljavajuće prinose.

Английский. There is a long tradition of producing different field crops in the area of Croatia, out of which wheat (about 170.000 ha) and corn (about 300.000 ha) are certainly the most important. In order to achieve a high and stabile yield, it is undoubtedly necessary to conduct a high- quality fertilization of field crops. Fertilizers with an emphasis on phosphorus and potassium, with a smaller quantity of nitrogen, are used in the preparation of the soil for sowing. The modern fertilization technology offers multiple solutions, out of which the so- called micro granular starter fertilizers which are used directly in sowing especially stand out; by a simultaneous putting both the seed and fertilizer in the soil. Except for micro granular, there are also liquid starter fertilizers, but they are not used so often due to the need for special device for incorporation into the soil, then different combinations with the addition of organic component. The main reason for using starter fertilizers is a quick and efficient supply of the root of a plant by phosphorus, the main element important for initial plant development and root growth. As in the sowing time of winter, but also spring cultures in the area of the Republic of Croatia there are often unfavorable climatic conditions (low temperature, high humidity in the soil), the effect of starter fertilizers has a special importance. And in the end, the usage of special formulated fertilizers enables the spreading of cultivation of crops to less favorable locations, where other cultures don’t achieve satisfying yield.