Tree and shrub dynamics in northwestern Great Basin woodland and shrub steppe during the late-pleistocene and Holocene

During the last 12,000 to 30,000 years, a large proportion of the dominant trees and shrubs in modem assemblages of woodland and shrub steppe vegetation in the northwestern Great Basin have undergone relatively small changes in their geographic ranges. A woodland tree, Juniperus osteosperma, has an extensive temporal and spatial fossil record from 11 woodrat midden locales that were sampled in the northwestern Great Basin. Above 1,300 m elevation, J. osteosperma has been continuously present in that fossil record for at least the last 30,000 years. However, J. osteosperma was lost at elevations below 1,300 m sometime during the last 10,000 years, during the Holocene. Although the elevational ranges of six shrub taxa show changes during the Holocene, geographic ranges of 11 other shrub taxa have been largely static. Of the woodland and shrub steppe species examined, Pinus monophylla has experienced the greatest change in its geographic range during the late-Pleistocene and Holocene. Pinus monophylla has migrated northward across the Great Basin from Pleistocene refugia in the southern portions of this region. The rate of latitudinal migration was more rapid along the eastern side of the Great Basin than on the western side. Thus, the species that comprise modem woodland and shrub steppe communities of the northwestern Great Basin appear to have two strategies to cope with climate change. First are species, as exemplified by J. osteosperma, whose geographic ranges were relatively insensitive to climate change and are termed orthoselective species. High genetic variation within species and the formation of coenospecies likely allowed these species to cope with climatic change by genetic adaptation. Secondly, other species, as exemplified by P. monophylla, have experienced shifts in their geographic range during past climate changes and more clearly fit the migration model of species response to climate change.