A multi-analytical approach for the characterization of modern white paints used for Argentine concrete art paintings during 1940–1960

Modern art has challenged many aspects of the analytical approaches that are typically used for traditional paint characterization and ageing studies. The paint industry has changed significantly throughout the twentieth century, frequently altering its manufacturing techniques in order to achieve paints with improved appearance, application and performance for a range of diverse household, industrial and artistic uses. This has led to the appearance and use of a multitude of new binding media, pigments and additives, most of which require new analytical methods for their identification. Concrete art is the name given to a significant art movement that took place in Argentina (and other nearby countries) during the 1940s and 1950s, at the exact same time as a flourishing paint industry was utilizing many of these new products and diversifying formulas. This paper reports on some initial findings from a long-term study to develop and apply analytical methodologies on paint samples from a number of Concrete artworks, that will help to better understand art history and advance the conservation field by shedding light on these artist's painting techniques, and the ageing behavior of their materials. Specifically, samples of white paints manufactured by local paint companies in Argentina from that time period were purchased and studied with a multi-analytical approach, which will serve as a reference collection for the field. The analytical techniques used were X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with previous derivatization. Artworks samples were studied with a similar multi-analytical approach, and utilized micro-Raman spectroscopy instead of XRD, for its non-destructive application. A wide range of possible compounds was identified due to the complementarity use of analytical techniques, representing a significant first step in Argentinian modern art research.